"Le felicito por sus esfuerzos para desarrollar y mejorar el acceso a recursos de alta calidad de educación que la historia se mejorar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la historia en las escuelas de este país "- Departamento de Educación de EE.UU.
Ayudar a conservar PATRIMONIO DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS
Qué hacer con los adolescentes 10 Cosas que me ayude con mi hijo adolescente sobre cómo ser exitoso en la escuela y la vida Por Randy King CEO / Autor E.
Como un alto dirigente de la Cámara de Comercio de EE.UU., Randy E. King es el autor de 8 nacionales / internacionales best-sellers sobre desarrollo de liderazgo y de negocios, fundador de los programas informáticos y las ventas / empresas de marketing, orador y asesor de Fortune 500 empresas, contó con invitado en muchos programas de radio y programas de televisión y co-productor de un sitio web de alto valor.
Randy ha desarrollado un plan Paso 10 que proporciona una guía para el éxito en la escuela y la vida. Este plan no es sólo para los estudiantes. Es para cualquiera que quiera hacer mejor en la vida: padres, maestros, dueños de negocios - y sí los estudiantes.
Simplemente introduzca su email en el formulario de la derecha o abajo para recibir este informe libre.
StoriesofUSA.com tiene muchas oportunidades para aprender acerca de patriotismo estadounidense y lo que significa ser estadounidense. Basta con seguir los enlaces de abajo para un tema específico:
* Nota: Algunas de estas películas no son recomendables para los niños
Pre-Colonial / Colonial
Roots (1977) Las brujas de Salem (1996) El último de los mohicanos (1992) El Nuevo Mundo (2005)
Guerra de la Independencia
Benedict Arnold: Una Cuestión de Honor (2003) John Adams (2008) The Crossing (2000) El patriota (2000)
La expansión americana
Gangs of New York (2002) La leyenda (2004)
Guerra civil
Gettysburg (1993) Gloria (1989) Dioses y generales (2003) Gone with the Wind (1939) El conspirador (2010)
La expansión de América n º 2
Denunciar Mi corazón en Wounded Knee (2007) Geronimo: An American Legend (1993) Rough Riders (1997) Wild Bill (1995) Wyatt Earp (1994)
20th Century
Apollo 13 (1995) Hermanos de sangre (2001) Bonnie y Clyde (1967) Butch Cassidy y el Sundance Kid (1969) Flags of Our Fathers (2006) La herencia del viento (1960) Cartas desde Iwo Jima (2006) Matar a un ruiseñor (1962) Las uvas de la ira (1940) Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970)
Grandes logros de los niños, niños, adolescentes y adultos jóvenes (Listado por edad):
Edad 7 - Yehudi Menuhin le da su primera actuación violín solista con la Sinfónica de San Francisco en 1923.
Edad 8 - Frederic Chopin toca el piano su primera actuación pública, que ya ha escrito dos polonesas (sol menor y Si bemol mayor) a los 7 años.
Edad 8 - Justin Henry (. EE.UU., nacido el 25 de mayo de 1971) fue nominado en la categoría de Mejor Actor de Reparto el 25 de febrero de 1980, por su papel de "Billy Kramer en Kramer contra Kramer (EE.UU. 1979).
9 años de edad - Jackie Cooper (. EE.UU., b 15 de septiembre de 1922), fue nominado para un Premio de la Academia por su papel como 'Skippy Skinner en Skippy (EE.UU. 1931), el 5 de octubre de 1931.
Edad 9 - También conocido como "Miguelito" Miguel A. Valenzuela Morales (n. 05 de enero 1999) fue nominado y ganó un premio Grammy Latino al Mejor Álbum Latino para niños titulado "El Heredero" el 13 de noviembre de 2008.
Age 9 – Bobby Bradley becomes world's youngest hot air balloon solo pilot on June 4, 2011
Edad 10 - Marcos, autor del Evangelio de Marcos, los testigos del arresto de Jesús y se desarrolla el primer Evangelio.
Edad 10 - Michael Kearney, educados en el hogar, se convierte en el más joven del mundo graduado de la universidad. A los 17 años, comenzó una carrera docente en la universidad.
Age 10 – Tatum O'Neal was nominated for her role in Paper Moon (USA 1973) and went on to win the Oscar.
Edad 11 - La persona más joven que ha visitado los dos polos geográficos es Jonathan Silverman (EE.UU.), que alcanzó el Polo Norte el 25 de julio de 1999 y el Polo Sur el 10 de enero de 2002.
Age 12 – Blasé Pascal had secretly worked out the first twenty-three propositions of Euclid by himself.
Age 12 – Jesus presents His wisdom in the temple in Jerusalem.
Edad 12 - William "Willie" Johnson ganó la Medalla de Honor por sus acciones durante la batalla de siete días y en la campaña de la península durante la guerra civil americana.
Edad 13 - Jonathan Krohn educados en el hogar, el actor, presentador de radio por Internet, orador invitado en CPAC, autor de la definición de la Conservación.
Edad 13 - Juan escribió el primer borrador del Evangelio de Juan, la más grande obra escrita de todos los tiempos.
Age 13 – Joan of Arc was inspired and led France five years later to victory over the English in the Hundred Years War; was martyred at age 19.
Edad 13 - Ana Frank comenzó a escribir su diario, más tarde publicado como "Ana Frank: El diario de una joven."
Age 13 – The youngest player to play in soccer's premier tournament is Souleymane Mamam who played for Togo against Zambia in a preliminary qualifying game on 6 May 2001.
Age 14 – Ismail founded the Safavid dynasty and became its “shah” (military and spiritual ruler)
Edad 14 - Bobby Fischer se convirtió en un Gran Maestro Internacional de Ajedrez.
Edad 14 - Mozart escribió la ópera "Mitridate Re di Ponto".
Edad 14 - Nadia Comaneci "alcanzado en su deporte lo que ningún atleta olímpico, hombre o mujer, nunca antes había tenido: la perfección."
Edad 14 - Santa Teresita de Lisieux rechazada por el obispo Hugonin, se declara con el Papa León XIII, por lo que puede entrar en el Carmelo. Became Carmelite nun at age 15.
Edad 14 - Bernadette Soubirous (Santa Bernardita de Lourdes) tiene una visión de la Virgen María
Edad 15 - Louis Braille inventó el sistema Braille.
Edad 15 - Christopher Paolini escribe el primer borrador de su trilogía Eragon que se publica cuando tiene 19 años.
Age 16 – Jean-François Champollion, can speak a dozen languages and delivers a paper on the Coptic language to the Grenoble Academy. By 20, he can speak another 13 languages and at 32 he deciphers the Rosetta Stone.
Edad 16 - Boy marinero Jack Cornwall, del HMS Chester, recibe una VC póstuma por su valentía en la batalla de Jutlandia.
Edad 16 - Roger Mason descubrió el primer fósil por los paleontólogos cree que provienen del período Ediacara (630-542 millones de años). He found the fossil in Charnwood Forest, Leics, UK. La especie fósil se llama Charnia Masoni, en reconocimiento a su contribución a la geología y la biología evolutiva.
16 años de edad - la edad promedio de 58 adolescentes educados en el hogar que fundaron la Enciclopedia, de modo que la luz de la verdad que siguen brillando y las tinieblas no superarlo.
Age 16 – Temba Tsheri Sherpa (Nepal; b. 6 May 1985) successfully summited Mt Everest on 23 May 2001.
Edad 17 - Cassie Bernall defendió su fe frente a un hombre armado atea en la masacre de Columbine, y fue martirizado por él.
Age 17 – Mary accepts God's will to conceive Jesus by the Holy Spirit, and gives birth nine months later.
Edad 17 - Shawn Fanning se desarrolla la primera a gran escala peer-to-peer programa de intercambio de archivos, Napster
Edad 17 - Private 1st Class Jacklyn H. Lucas, United States Marine Corps, obtuvo la Medalla de Honor de los cinco días después de su cumpleaños número 17 durante la batalla de Iwo Jima en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, era un infante de marina durante tres años.
Age 17 – The youngest female artist to have a #1 album on the UK chart is Joss Stone with her second album 'Mind, Body & Soul' on 9 October 2004.
Edad 17 - El joven corredor de bolsa con licencia en el mundo es Jason A. Earle, de Princeton, Nueva Jersey, EE.UU., que aprobó el examen de corredor de bolsa (Serie 7) administrado por la Asociación Nacional de Corredores de Valores.
Edad 18 - Shawn Goldsmith de Long Island se ha ganado todas las 121 medallas al mérito ofrecidas por los Boy Scouts.
Edad 18 - Mary Shelley escribe Frankenstein (el moderno Prometeo), publicada más tarde, cuando ella tenía 21 años.
Edad 18 - Gary Kasparov, considerado el mejor jugador de ajedrez nunca, ganó el campeonato de la URSS.
Age 18 – The youngest mayor is High School student, Michael Sessions (USA, 22 September 1987), who was elected on 8 November 2005 and sworn in as Mayor of Hillsdale, Michigan, USA.
Age 18 – The youngest university professor is Alia Sabur (USA, b. 22 February 1989), who was appointed as a full-time faculty Professor of the Department of Advanced Technology Fusion at Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea, with effect from 19 February 2008. Ms Sabur's official title is: International Professor as Research Liaison with Stony Brook University (New York, USA).
Age 19 – Captain Albert Ball, VC, MC, DSO & 2 bars, commences his career as a fighter pilot. By the time he is killed, aged 20, in 1917, he has become one of the First World War's greatest air aces, accounting for at least 44 German aircraft.
Age 19 – was the average age of front-line US service personnel fighting to defend democracy in Indochina during the Vietnam War.
Age 19 – Evariste Galois develops group theory, and wrote it out completely on the eve of his death at age 20; it took old mathematicians a century to comprehend it.
Age 19 – John D. Rockefeller starts a new company, turning an enormous profit in its first year, and became the most influential businessman in history.
Age 19 – Steve Jobs begins collaborating in electronics with Steve Wozniak in electronics, and developed the personal computer within two years.
Age 19 – Mark Zuckerberg develops Facebook, the leading social networking system for young people on the internet.
Age 19 – Jim Ryun broke the world record for running the mile.
Age 20 – Carl Friedrich Gauss makes his first mathematical discoveries, which will lead to the completion of “Disquisitiones Arithmeticae”, his magnum opus, at the age of 21.
Age 20 – Willis Carrier invents air conditioning.
Source: Conservapedia.com, Guiness Book of World Records
Greatest American Entrepreneurs and Business Professionals in the USA
It has been said that if you were born in the United States of America you were 90% of the way towards becoming a success. The US offers may opportunities through Freedom, Democracy and a culture of hard work and education that fosters growth and success. Some of the greatest minds and wealthiest people over the last 200 years have been born in and/or have lived in the United States of America. By showing how these Great Americans have worked and lived, it will give great incite into what it takes to become successful in the USA.
Addition to this list was based upon the following criteria: - Spent most of his/her adult life in the United States - Created significant wealth (inherited wealth is not accepted) - Displayed behavioral characteristics described in Top Characteristics of Successful People - Revolutionized not only an industry, but also transformed the American culture
The list order is in chronological order based on date of birth.
Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the tenth son of soap maker. His father intended for Benjamin Franklin to enter into the clergy. However, Josiah Franklin could not afford it. Young Benjamin Franklin loved to read. He became an apprentice to his brother James, who was a printer. He would help compose pamphlets, set type and sell their products in the streets.
When Benjamin Franklin was 15 his brother started The New England Courant. James's paper carried articles, opinion pieces, advertisements and news of ship schedules. Benjamin Franklin began
writing letters at night and signing them with the name of a fictional widow, Silence Dogood who had advice and was very critical of the world around her, particularly concerning the issue of how women were treated. He would sneak the letters under the print shop door at night so no one knew who was writing the pieces. They were a smash hit and everyone wanted to know who was the real “Silence Dogood.”
In 1723, Benjamin Franklin left his home in Boston to go to New York. Unable to find work, he eventually arrived in Philadelphia where he found work as an apprentice printer. He did so well that the governor of Pennsylvania promised to set him up in business for himself if young Benjamin Franklin would go to London to buy printing equipment. He did go to London, but the governor did not keep his promise and Benjamin Franklin was forced to spend several months in England doing print work. Upon returning to Philadelphia, he tried helping to run a shop, but soon went back to being a printer's helper. He eventually borrowed some money and set himself up in the printing business. Benjamin Franklin worked all the time. Soon he began getting the contract to do government jobs and started doing well. In addition to running a print shop, Benjamin Franklin and his wife also ran their own store selling everything from soap to fabric and he also ran a book store.
In 1729, Benjamin Franklin bought the Pennsylvania Gazette. He printed the paper and often contributed articles to the paper under aliases. His newspaper soon became the most successful in the colonies. This newspaper, among other firsts, would print the first political cartoon. During the 1720s and 1730s, he organized the Junto, a young working-man's group dedicated to self- and-civic improvement and joined the Masons. In 1733 he started publishing Poor Richard's Almanack. Almanacs of the era were printed annually and contained things like weather reports, recipes, predictions and homilies. Franklin published his almanac under the guise of a man named Richard Saunders, a poor man who needed money to take care of his wife. What distinguished his almanac from others were his wit and creativity. Many famous phrases, such as “A penny saved is a penny earned,” come from Poor Richard's Almanack. During the 1730′s, 1740′s and 1750′s, he helped launch projects to pave, clean and light Philadelphia's streets and clean up the environment. He helped launch the Library Company, American Philosophical Society and the Pennsylvania Hospital – all of which are still in existence today. He organized Philadelphia's Union Fire Company and founded the Philadelphia Contribution for Insurance Against Loss by Fire
Benjamin Franklin's printing business was thriving in this 1730s and 1740s. He started setting up franchise printing partnerships in other cities. By 1749 he retired from business and started concentrating on science, experiments and inventions. He invented a heat-efficient stove (Franklin stove), swim fins, glass harmonica and bifocals. He also studied the effects of electricity and lightning.
In 1757, he went to England to represent Pennsylvania in its fight with the descendants of the Penn family over who should represent the Colony. He remained in England to 1775, as a Colonial representative not only of Pennsylvania, but of Georgia, New Jersey and Massachusetts as well. In 1765, he was caught by surprise by America's overwhelming opposition to the Stamp Act. His testimony before Parliament helped persuade the members to repeal the law. He started wondering if America should break free of England. Benjamin Franklin, though he had many friends in England, was tiring of the corruption he saw all around him in politics and royal circles. He, who had proposed a plan for a united colonies, now would earnestly start working toward that goal. He was elected to the Second Continental Congress and worked on a committee of 5 that helped draft the Declaration of Independence. In 1776 he signed the Declaration of Independence and sailed to France as an ambassador to the Court of Louis XVI. In part because of Benjamin Franklin's popularity, the government of France signed a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans in 1778. He also helped secure loans and persuade the French they were doing the right thing. He was on hand to sign the Treaty of Paris in 1783, after the Americans had won the Revolution.
Benjamin Franklin returned to America and became President of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and signed the Constitution. One of his last public acts was writing an anti-slavery treatise in 1789. He died at the age of 84. 20,000 people attended the funeral.
Andrew Carnegie (25 noviembre 1835 hasta 11 agosto 1919) nació en Dunfermline, Fife, Escocia. A pesar de que tenían poca educación formal, su familia creyeron en la importancia de los libros y el aprendizaje. His father was a handloom weaver. A los 13 años, Andrew Carnegie, llegó a Estados Unidos con su familia y se estableció en Allegheny, Pensilvania. Soon after, he went to work in a factory, earning $1.20 a week. Al año siguiente, él encontró un trabajo como mensajero del telégrafo. En 1851 se convirtió en un operador de telégrafo, y en 1853, él tomó un trabajo con el ferrocarril de Pennsylvania. He worked as the assistant and telegraph operator to Thomas Scott, one of the railroad's top executives. Él
Aprendí mucho a través de esta experiencia sobre la industria del ferrocarril y de negocios.3 años más tarde, Andrew Carnegie fue ascendido a superintendente.
Mientras trabajaba para el ferrocarril, Andrew Carnegie hizo varias inversiones inteligentes, especialmente las de petróleo.In 1865, he left Pennsylvania Railroad to pursue other business interests, including Keystone Bridge Company.En la próxima década, la mayor parte de su tiempo estaba dedicado a la industria del acero.Su negocio, que se conoció como la Carnegie Steel Company, revolucionó la producción de acero en los Estados Unidos.Él construyó las plantas industriales en todo el país, utilizando la tecnología y los métodos de fabricación de acero que hicieron más fácil, más rápido y productivo.Por cada paso del proceso, era dueño de lo que necesitaba: las materias primas, los barcos y los ferrocarriles para el transporte de las mercancías y los campos de carbón para alimentar los hornos de acero.Esta estrategia ayudó a la propiedad de Andrew Carnegie convertido en la fuerza dominante en la industria del acero y un hombre muy rico.By 1889, Carnegie Steel Corporation was the largest of its kind in the world.
En 1901, Andrew Carnegie, vendió su negocio para un beneficio de $ 200 millones a la United States Steel Corporation, fundada por el legendario financiero JP Morgan.A los 65, Carnegie decidió pasar el resto de sus días ayudando a los demás.Andrew Carnegie era un ávido lector de gran parte de su vida.Él donó aproximadamente $ 5 millones a la Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York, creó el Instituto de Tecnología de Carnegie en Pittsburgh (también conocido como la Universidad Carnegie-Mellon University), creó la Fundación Carnegie para el Progreso de la Enseñanza y formó la Fundación Carnegie para la Paz Internacional.Se dice que más de 2.800 bibliotecas se han abierto con su apoyo.
Además de su negocio y los intereses de caridad, que era amigo de Mark Twain y Theodore Roosevelt.Escribió varios libros y numerosos artículos.Andrew Carnegie murió de neumonía en Lenox, Massachusetts.Con una fortuna estimada en $ 500 millones en el momento de su muerte, dejó $ 350 millones para obras de caridad, organizaciones e instituciones que en su opinión, pulg
John Pierpont "JP" Morgan (17 abril 1837 a 31 marzo 1913) nació y se crió en Hartford, Connecticut. En el otoño de 1848, se trasladó a Hartford Public School y luego a la Episcopal Academy, en Cheshire, Connecticut. En septiembre de 1851, Morgan pasó el examen de admisión para la Escuela de Inglés de alta de Boston, una escuela especializada en matemáticas para preparar a los jóvenes para las carreras de comercio. En la primavera de 1852, se enfermó con la fiebre reumática. Él fue enviado por su padre a las Azores para recuperarse. Después de casi un año, regresó a la Escuela de Inglés de alta en Boston para continuar sus estudios. Después de su graduación, fue enviado a Bellerive cerca de Vevey, Suiza. Cuando él hizo fluido en
French, his father sent him to the University of Göttingen in order to improve his German.
JP Morgan went into banking in 1857 at his father's London branch.En 1858, se trasladó a Nueva York, donde trabajó en la casa de banca de Duncan, Sherman & Company.De 1860 a 1864, como J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, que actuó como agente en Nueva York para la firma de su padre.De 1864-1872, fue miembro de la firma de Dabney, Morgan & Company.En 1871, se asoció con los drexels de Filadelfia para formar la firma de Nueva York de Drexel, Morgan & Company.Anthony J. Drexel became his mentor at the request of his father.Durante los primeros días de la guerra civil americana, JP Morgan, financió la compra y actualización de los fusiles de los Estados Unidos.He avoided military service by paying $300 for a substitute while he worked to finance the Union war effort.
After the death of Anthony Drexel in 1893, the firm was rechristened “JP Morgan & Company.” He kept close ties with Drexel & Company of Philadelphia, Morgan, Harjes & Company of Paris and JS Morgan & Company of London.Unos 15 años más tarde se creó el Chase Manhattan Bank.JP Morgan ascenso al poder fue tumultuosa.He gained control of the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad in 1869.Él rompió los privilegios de financiación por el gobierno de Jay Cooke y pronto se involucró en el desarrollo y la financiación de un imperio del ferrocarril por las reorganizaciones y fusiones en todas las partes de los Estados Unidos.En 1885, se reorganizó la de Nueva York, West Shore y el ferrocarril de Buffalo.En 1886, reorganizó el ferrocarril de Philadelphia y Reading, y en 1888 el ferrocarril Chesapeake & Ohio.Él estuvo muy involucrado con el magnate del ferrocarril James J. Hill y el Gran Ferrocarril del Norte.Tras el Congreso aprobó la Ley de Comercio Interestatal, en 1887, Morgan establecer conferencias en 1889 y 1890, que reunió a los presidentes del ferrocarril con el fin de ayudar a la industria seguir las nuevas leyes y escribir acuerdos.Las conferencias fueron los primeros de su clase y mediante la creación de una comunidad de intereses entre las líneas de la competencia abrió el camino para las grandes consolidaciones de principios del siglo 20.
JP Morgan reorganizado las estructuras empresariales y de gestión con el fin de volver a ser rentable.Su reputación como banquero y financiero también ayudó a los intereses de los inversores a las empresas que asumieron el control.En 1896, Adolph Ochs, Simón, que era dueño de los tiempos de Chattanooga, financiación garantizada de JP Morgan para comprar el Times de Nueva York que luchan financieramente.Se convirtió en el estándar para el periodismo norteamericano mediante la reducción de los precios, la inversión en la recopilación de noticias e insistiendo en la más alta calidad de la escritura y la presentación de informes.
Durante el Pánico de 1893, la Tesorería de la Federación era casi de oro.President Grover Cleveland arranged for JP Morgan to create a private syndicate on Wall Street to supply the US Treasury with $65 million in gold to float a bond issue that restored the treasury surplus of $100 million.
En 1900, JP Morgan controlaba una de las casas bancarias más poderosas del mundo.Se iniciaron conversaciones con Charles M. Schwab y Andrew Carnegie en 1900.El objetivo era comprar la empresa de acero de Carnegie y fusionarla con otras firmas de acero, el carbón, la minería y el transporte marítimo para crear la United States Steel Corporation.In 1901 US Steel was the first billion-dollar company in the world with an authorized capitalization of $1.4 billion.EE.UU. de acero destinado a lograr mayores economías de escala, reducir los costos de transporte y de recursos, ampliar las líneas de productos y mejorar la distribución.También estaba previsto para permitir que los Estados Unidos para competir a nivel mundial con Gran Bretaña y Alemania.US Steel's size was claimed by Charles M. Schwab and others to allow the company to pursue distant international markets.EE.UU. Steel fue considerada como un monopolio por los críticos, como el negocio estaba tratando de dominar no sólo el acero, sino también la construcción de puentes, barcos, vagones de ferrocarril y carriles, alambres, clavos y un sinfín de otros productos.Con EE.UU. Steel, JP Morgan había capturado a dos tercios del mercado del acero y Charles M. Schwab, que confía en que la compañía pronto tendría una cuota de mercado del 75%.Sin embargo, después de 1901 la participación de las empresas en el mercado cayó.Charles M. Schwab renunció a EE.UU. de acero en 1903 para formar la Bethlehem Steel, que se convirtió en el segundo mayor productor de los EE.UU..
EE.UU. El acero era los productores de acero no sindicalizados y con experiencia, dirigidos por Charles M. Schwab, ha querido que siga siendo así con las tácticas agresivas para identificar y erradicar a los revoltosos.Los abogados y los banqueros que habían organizado la fusión, en particular, JP Morgan y el director ejecutivo Gary Elbert estaban más interesados en ganancias a largo plazo, la estabilidad, las buenas relaciones públicas y para evitar situaciones difíciles.The bankers' views generally prevailed, and the result was a labor policy that favored the business. US Steel was not unionized until the late 1930s.
The Panic of 1907 was a financial crisis that almost crippled the American economy.Los principales bancos de Nueva York se encontraban al borde de la quiebra y no existía un mecanismo para rescatarlos hasta que JP Morgan entró y se hizo cargo, resolver la crisis.El secretario del Tesoro de George B. Cortelyou destinó $ 35 millones de dinero federal para gestionar la crisis, pero no tenía manera fácil de usar.JP Morgan organizó un equipo de ejecutivos bancarios y de confianza que redirigen el dinero entre los bancos, con garantía de nuevas líneas de crédito internacionales y compraron acciones caída en picado de las empresas sanas.Una cuestión política delicada presentó con respecto a la firma de corretaje de Moore y Schley, que participó en las acciones de Tennessee Coal Company, de hierro y el ferrocarril.Moore y Schley se había comprometido más de $ 6 millones del Carbón y Hierro Tennessee (TCI) de valores para los préstamos entre los bancos de Wall Street.Los bancos había llamado a los préstamos y la empresa no podía pagar.Si Moore y Schley falla, un centenar de fallos más que seguir y entonces todo Wall Street podría desmoronarse.JP Morgan decidieron que tenían que salvar a Moore y Schley.TCI fue uno de los principales competidores de los EE.UU. de acero y hierro de propiedad valiosa y depósitos de carbón.JP Morgan EE.UU., controlada por Acero y decidió que tenía que comprar las acciones de CTI Moore y Schley.Juez Gary, jefe de los EE.UU. de acero, de acuerdo, pero no habría implicaciones antimonopolio que podrían causar problemas para EE.UU. de acero, que ya era dominante en la industria del acero.JP Morgan envió el juez Gary para ver el presidente Theodore Roosevelt, quien prometió la inmunidad legal para el acuerdo.EE.UU. Steel pagó $ 30 millones para las acciones TCI y Moore y Schley se salvó.El anuncio tuvo un efecto inmediato.El 7 de noviembre de 1907, el pánico se había terminado.Con la promesa de que nunca vuelva a suceder líderes de la banca y políticos, encabezados por el Senador Nelson Aldrich, idearon un plan que se convirtió en el Sistema de la Reserva Federal en 1913.
Desde 1890-1913, 42 grandes empresas se han organizado o de sus valores fueron suscritos, en su totalidad o en parte, por parte de JP Morgan and Company, entre ellas: General Electric Co., Internacional de la Marina Mercante, de Atchison, Topeka y Santa Fe Railroad, Northern Pacific Railway System , del ferrocarril de Pennsylvania Railroad y la Lectura.
JP Morgan was scheduled to travel on the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic, but canceled at the last minute.White Star Line, el operador del Titanic, fue parte de la Compañía Internacional de JP Morgan de la Marina Mercante y que iba a tener su propia suite privada y cubierta de paseo en el barco.Murió durante un viaje a Roma, Italia.He was a notable collector of books, pictures, clocks and other art objects, many loaned or given to the Metropolitan Museum of Art (of which he was president and was a major force in its establishment), and many housed in his London house and in his private library.Él era un benefactor del Museo Americano de Historia Natural, el Museo Metropolitano de Arte, Groton School, Harvard University, Trinity College, el. Lying-in Hospital de la Ciudad de Nueva York y las escuelas de comercio de Nueva York
JP Morgan fue uno de los coleccionistas más importantes de Estados Unidos de gemas y se había reunido la colección de gemas más importante de la Tiffany & Co. EE.UU. reunió a su primera colección bajo su Jefe Gemologist George Frederick Kunz.La colección fue exhibida en la Exposición Universal de París en 1889.La exhibición ganó dos premios de oro y señaló a la atención de los estudiosos importantes, lapidarios y el público en general.En 1911, Kunz nombrado una joya recién descubierta después de que su principal cliente: morganita.
JP Morgan, Jr. took over the business at his father's death, but was never as influential.Como es requerido por la 1933 Ley Glass-Steagall, la "Casa de Morgan" se convirtió en tres entidades: JP Morgan & Co., que más tarde se convirtió en el Morgan Guaranty Trust, Morgan Stanley, una casa de inversión, y Morgan Grenfell de Londres, una casa de valores en el extranjero .
John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was born in Richford, New York. Su padre era dueño de la propiedad agrícola y comercio de muchos bienes, incluyendo los medicamentos de madera y de patentes. His mother was very strict. En 1953 la familia se mudó a Cleveland, Ohio. He graduated from high school there and excelled in mathematics. Después de graduarse asistió a una escuela de comercio durante tres meses, tras lo cual encontró su primer trabajo en la edad de 16 años como vendedor de productos. En 1859, comenzó su primera empresa comercial, Clark y Rockefeller, con un joven inglés. El primer año que ganó en total $ 450.000. Clark hizo el trabajo de campo, mientras que John D. Rockefeller
controlled office management, bookkeeping and relationships with bankers.
John D. Rockefeller mostró un genio para la organización y el método.The firm prospered during the Civil War.Con el paro petrolero de Pennsylvania (1859) y la construcción de un ferrocarril de Cleveland, que ramificó hacia fuera en la refinación de petróleo con Samuel Andrews, quien tenía el conocimiento técnico del campo.Dentro de dos años John D. Rockefeller se convirtió en socio principal, Clark fue comprada, y la empresa de Rockefeller y Andrews se convirtió en la mayor refinería de Cleveland.
With financial help from SV Harkness and HM Flagler, who also secured favorable railroad freight rebates, John D Rockefeller survived the bitter competition in the oil industry.La Standard Oil Company, que comenzó en Ohio en 1870 por John D. Rockefeller, su hermano William, Flagler, Harkness y Andrews, tenía un valor de $ 1.000.000 y pagó una ganancia de 40% un año después.Mientras que la Standard Oil controlado una décima parte de refinación estadounidense, la competencia se mantuvo.
Rockefeller todavía esperaba para controlar la industria petrolera.Él compró la mayor parte de las refinerías de Cleveland, así como otros en Nueva York, Pittsburgh y Filadelfia.He turned to new transportation methods, including the railroad tank car and the pipeline.En 1879 fue refinando el 90% de la petrolera estadounidense, y la norma utiliza su propia flota de carros tanque, buques, instalaciones portuarias, plantas de barril de decisiones, los depósitos y almacenes.
As his control approached near-monopoly, the Pennsylvania Railroad, in 1877, created a refining company to try to break John D. Rockefeller's control.Pero los ataques del ferrocarril obligó a rendirse a la Standard Oil.En 1883, después de ganar el control de la industria de la tubería, el monopolio de la Standard estaba en su apogeo.John D. Rockefeller creó la primera gran América "confianza" en 1882.Desde 1872, Norma había colocado sus beneficios fuera de Ohio hasta Flagler como "fiduciario" porque las leyes niega la propiedad de una compañía de otra de las acciones de.Todos los beneficios fueron a la compañía de Ohio, mientras que los negocios fuera se mantuvo independiente.Standard Oil Trust recibió el balance de 40 empresas y se entregó a los certificados fiduciarios de varios accionistas a cambio.La confianza que tenía un valor de alrededor de $ 70 millones de dólares, por lo que es la organización más grande y más rico industrial del mundo.
En la década de 1880, los negocios de John D. Rockefeller comenzó a cambiar.Se mudó a la producción de petróleo crudo y se trasladó hacia el oeste con sus pozos de los campos nuevos que se abren.Norma también entró en los mercados extranjeros en Europa, Asia y América Latina.Desde 1885 un sistema de comité de gestión se ha desarrollado para controlar la enorme imperio de la Standard Oil.
La oposición pública a la Standard Oil creció.John D Rockefeller was criticized for railroad rebates, price fixing and bribery which crushed smaller firms by unfair competition.La Standard Oil fue investigado por el Senado de Nueva York y por la Cámara de Representantes de EE.UU. en 1888.Dos años después, la Corte Suprema de Ohio invalidado contrato de fideicomiso original Standard.John D. Rockefeller, disolvió formalmente la organización y en 1899 fue recreado estándar legalmente bajo una nueva forma de "holding" (la fusión fue disuelto por el Tribunal Supremo de los EE.UU. en 1911, mucho después de que él se retiró de control activo en 1897).
In 1893, he helped develop the Mesabi iron ore range of Minnesota.En 1896 sus minas de hierro consolidados era dueño de una gran flota de barcos de mineral y prácticamente controla el envío de los Grandes Lagos.Ahora tenía el poder de controlar la industria del acero.Él hizo una alianza con Andrew Carnegie en 1896.John D. Rockefeller agreed not to enter steelmaking and Carnegie agreed not to touch transportation.En 1901 vendió sus participaciones de mineral a la fusión creada por Andrew Carnegie y JP Morgan, EE.UU. Steel.En ese año, su fortuna pasó $ 200 millones.
John D. Rockefeller consistently gave away 10% of his earnings to charity. His donations grew with his fortune, and he also gave time and energy to philanthropic causes. He created the University of Chicago, Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research in New York (now Rockefeller University), General Education Board and the Rockefeller Foundation.El total de las obras benéficas de toda la vida de John D. Rockefeller se ha estimado en unos US $ 550 millones.
La vida personal de John D. Rockefeller era bastante simple.He was a man of few passions who lived for his work, and his great talent was his organizing genius and drive for order, pursued with great single-mindedness and concentration.Su vida fue absorbido por los negocios y la familia, y más tarde por organizó dar.Él creó el orden, la eficiencia y la planificación con un éxito extraordinario y la visión radical.
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was born to middle-class parents in Milan, Ohio. In 1854, his family moved to Port Huron, Michigan. At an early age, Thomas Edison was hyperactive and difficult to control in school. So he was home-schooled by his mother, who was the daughter of a respected Presbyterian minister. Thomas Edison enjoyed reading and reciting poetry. At 11, his parents introduced him to the local library and he began to research many topics and ideas. At 12, he began to asks questions of his parents, especially those related to Science and Mathematics, that they could not answer. So they hired a tutor
to help their son understand more complex subjects, such as Newtonian physics. The simple beauty of Newton's physical laws helped him sharpen his own style of clear thinking, objective examination and experimentation. He also developed a strong sense of perseverance, hard work and mental & physical stamina. He also got a job selling newspapers, snacks and candy on the local railroad. He also started a side business selling fruits and vegetables.
And 14, during the time of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, he exploited his access to the news releases and published them in his own newspaper. He quickly enticed over 300 commuters to subscribe to his newspaper. This was the first publication to be type-set, printed and sold on a train. At its peak, his publishing venture netted him more than $10 per day. He tooks this money and invested in a chemical laboratory that he setup in the basement. It became virtually impossible for him to learn in a traditional educational setting. Adapting to whatever he was convinced was out of his control, he reacted by committing himself to compensating via alternative methods. Ultimately, he became totally deaf in his left ear and approximately 80% deaf in his right ear.
One of the most significant events in his life occurred when he was taught Morse code and the telegraph. By 15, he had mastered the basics of Morse Code and telegraphy and obtained a job as a replacement for one of the thousands of telegraph operators who had gone off to serve in the Civil War. At age 16, after working in a variety of telegraph offices he finally came up with his first invention. Called an “automatic repeater,” it transmitted telegraph signals between unmanned stations, allowing people to easily and accurately translate code at their own speed and convenience.
In 1868 his mother was beginning to show signs of insanity, his father quit his job and the local bank was about to foreclose on the house. Thomas Edison set out to make his fortunes. He applied for a permanent job as a telegrapher with the relatively prestigious Western Union Company in Boston. During the latter days of the “Age of the Telegraph,” Thomas Edison worked 12 hours a day and 6 days a week for Western Union. Meanwhile, he continued working on his own projects and, within 6 months, had applied for and received his very first patent – an electric vote-recording machine. The Massachusetts Legislature was not interested in his invention. Although he was disappointed by this, he realized his idea was so far ahead of its time that no one was willing to buy it.
While in Boston, he was exposed to lectures at Boston Tech (which became the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and new concepts related to telegraph technology. Alexander Graham Bell, who was also living in Boston, was also aware of new communication technologies. The principles discussed ultimately led to the invention of the first articulating telephone, the first fax machine, the first microphone and other communication related inventions.
Later, he moved to New York City. Penniless, and having begged for a cup of tea, he walked through some of the offices in New York's financial district. Observing that the manager of a local brokerage firm was in a panic, Thomas Edison determined that a stock-ticker in his office had just broken down. He grasped the opportunity. Since he had been sleeping in the basement of the building for a few days – and doing quite a bit of snooping around – he already had a pretty good idea of what the device was supposed to do. He reached down and manipulated a loose spring back to where it belonged. The device began to run perfectly. The office manager was so ecstatic that he hired Thomas Edison to make all such repairs for the company for a salary of $300.00 per month. This was twice the going rate for a top electrician in New York City. During his free time, he soon resumed his work with the telegraph, the quadruplex transmitter, the stock-ticker, etc. Soon a corporation paid him $40,000 for all of his rights to the stock-ticker.
At age 29, he commenced work on the carbon transmitter, which ultimately made Alexander Graham Bell's “articulating” telephone audible enough for practical use. Shortly after Edison moved his laboratory to Menlo Park, NJ in 1876, he invented – in 1877 – the first phonograph. In 1879, he invented the first commercially practical incandescent electric light bulb. In 1883 and 1884, he introduced the world's first economically viable system of centrally generating and distributing electric light, heat and power. In 1887, Thomas Edison was recognized for having set up the world's first full fledged research and development center in West Orange, New Jersey. This operation was the largest scientific testing laboratory in the world. In 1890, he developed the first Vitascope, which would lead to the first silent motion pictures. In 1892, Edison General Electric Co. had merged with another firm to become General Electric Corporation, in which he was a major stockholder. At the turn-of-the-century, Thomas Edison invented the first practical dictaphone, mimeograph and storage battery. After creating the “kinetiscope” and the first silent film in 1904, he went on to introduce “The Great Train Robbery” in 1903, which was a ten minute clip that was his first attempt to blend audio with silent moving images to produce “talking pictures.” When World War I began, he was asked by the US Government to create defensive devices for submarines and ships. During this time, he also perfected a number of important inventions relating to the enhanced use of rubber, concrete and ethanol. By 83, he held 1093 patents.
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) grew up on a prosperous family farm in what is now Dearborn, Michigan. He had a typical rural 19th Century childhood spending days in a one-room school and doing farm chores. At an early age, he showed an interest in mechanics and engineering. At 16, he left home for Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist for the next 3 years. During the next few years, Henry Ford divided his time between operating & repairing steam engines, working in a Detroit factory, over-hauling his father's farm machinery and working reluctantly on the farm. Upon his marriage to Clara Bryant in 1888, Henry Ford supported his
family by operating a sawmill. In 1891, he became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit. His promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893 gave him enough time and money to devote attention to his personal engineering experiments on internal combustion engines. In 1896 he developed a self-propelled Quadricycle.
After two unsuccessful attempts to establish an automobile manufacturing company, the Ford Motor Company was incorporated in 1903 with Henry Ford as Vice President and Chief Engineer. In the early years of car production, it produced only a few cars a day. Groups of two or three men worked on each car with made to order components. Henry Ford introduced the Model T in 1908. This vehicle initiated a new era in personal transportation. It was inexpensive and easy to operate. It immediately becoming a huge success. By 1913, Henry Ford combined precision manufacturing, standardized and interchangeable parts, a division of labor and a continuous moving assembly line. Workers remained in place, adding one component to each automobile as it moved past them on the line. The moving assembly line revolutionized automobile production by significantly reducing assembly time per vehicle, thus lowering production costs. By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's.
During the late 1910′s and early 1920′s, Ford Motor Company constructed the world's largest industrial complex along the banks of the Rouge River in Dearborn, Michigan. It included all the elements needed for automobile production: a steel mill, glass factory and automobile assembly line. Iron ore and coal were brought in on Great Lakes steamers and by railroad. Rolling mills, forges and assembly shops transformed the steel into springs, axles and car bodies. Foundries converted iron into engine blocks and cylinder heads that were assembled with other components into engines.
Pierre Samuel duPont (January 15, 1870 – April 4, 1954) was born in Wilmington, Delaware. Él era el tatara-tatara-nieto de Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, un economista francés elegido para la Asamblea Constituyente. Hijo Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, quien emigró a Estados Unidos con su abuelo a escapar de la Revolución Francesa, fundó la compañía DuPont en 1802. Frustrados por la mala calidad del polvo de color negro hecho en América, y familiarizarse con el proceso de decisiones en polvo, se le ocurrió la idea de hacer pólvora. Su padre estuvo de acuerdo para financiar la empresa. Thomas Jefferson apoyó la idea y sugirió que la familia se estableció en Virginia, pero Eleuthère Irénée du Pont se sentía incómodo con la institución de la esclavitud
in that state, and settled along the Brandywine River in Delaware instead.En 1805, casi 45.000 libras de pólvora se produjo.Eleuthère Irénée du Pont murió en 1834, dejando la dirección de la empresa a sus hijos.
Eleuthère Irénée du Pont's son, Alfred Victor, took over the company.Su hijo, Lammot, fue un químico y empresario.Lammot patentado una manera de hacer pólvora, sin salitre y también formaron la Asociación de Comercio pólvora.Lammot tío Henry establece Lammot en una empresa para la fabricación de dinamita, que había sido inventada por Alfred Nobel.Within 6 months the firm was producing a ton of the explosive per day.
Pierre Samuel duPont, eldest son of Lammot, took over the business when his father died in an explosion. He graduated with a degree in chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1890 and became assistant superintendent at Brandywine Mills.Él y su primo desarrolló la primera pólvora sin humo de América en 1892.La mayor parte de la década de 1890 pasó a trabajar con la gerencia de una empresa siderúrgica en parte propiedad de DuPont, la compañía de Johnson Street Rail en Johnstown, Pennsylvania.Aquí aprendió a lidiar con el dinero de presidente de la compañía, Arturo Moxham.In 1899, he quit and took over the Johnson Company.En 1901, mientras que él estaba supervisando la liquidación de los activos de la compañía Johnson en Lorain, Ohio, empleó John J. Raskob como secretario privado, a partir de un negocio a largo y rentable, y la relación personal entre los dos.
Pierre S. du Pont y sus primos comprado EI du Pont de Nemours and Company en 1902, con el fin de mantener la empresa en manos de la familia, después de la muerte de su presidente, Eugenio I. du Pont.Se pusieron sobre la compra de las empresas más pequeñas de polvo.Hasta 1914, durante la enfermedad de Coleman du Pont, Pierre du Pont se desempeñó como tesorero, vicepresidente ejecutivo y presidente en funciones.En 1915, un grupo encabezado por Pierre du Pont compró acciones de Coleman.
Pierre du Pont served as DuPont's president until 1919.Él dio a la empresa DuPont una estructura de gestión moderna y las políticas modernas de contabilidad y de hecho el concepto de retorno de la inversión principal.Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, la empresa creció muy rápidamente debido a los pagos anticipados de los contratos de municiones de los aliados.He also established many other DuPont interests in other industries.
Pierre du Pont fue una figura importante en el éxito de General Motors, la construcción de una gran inversión personal en la empresa, así como el apoyo a la propuesta de Raskob por DuPont para invertir en la empresa de automóviles.Pierre du Pont renunció a la presidencia de GM en respuesta a la controversia presidente de GM, Alfred Sloan con la participación de más de Raskob Raskob con el Comité Nacional Demócrata.Cuando Pierre du Pont se retiró de su Consejo de Administración, GM fue la empresa más grande del mundo.
Pierre du Pont se retiró de la Junta de DuPont en 1940.También sirvió en la Junta Estatal de Educación de Delaware y donó millones a las escuelas públicas de Delaware.A building at the University of Delaware, Du Pont Hall, is named in his honor.Alberga las oficinas y laboratorios de la Facultad de Ingeniería.Él es famoso por la apertura de su patrimonio personal, los jardines de Longwood, con sus hermosos jardines, fuentes, y de conservatorio, para el público.Era un solterón de mucho tiempo, finalmente se casó con su prima Alicia Belin en 1915 después de la muerte de su madre, y no tenía hijos.
During World War 2, the company continued to be a major producer of war supplies. As the inventor and manufacturer of nylon, DuPont helped produce the raw materials for parachutes, powder bags and tires. DuPont also played a major role in the Manhattan Project in 1943, designing, building and operating the Hanford plutonium producing plant and the Savannah River Plant in South Carolina. After the war, DuPont developed Mylar, Dacron, Orlon and Lycra in the 1950′s, and Tyvek, Kevlar, Nomex, Qiana, Corfam and Corian in the 1960′s. DuPont materials were critical to the success of the Apollo Space program.
Alfred Pritchard Sloan, Jr. (May 23, 1875 – February 17, 1966) was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He studied electrical engineering and graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1895. He became president and owner of Hyatt Roller Bearing, a company that made roller and ball bearings, in 1899. At the beginning of the 20th century, Ford Motor Company bought bearings from Hyatt Roller Bearing. In 1916 his company merged with United Motors Company which eventually became part of General Motors Corporation. He became Vice-President, then President (1923), and finally Chairman of the Board (1937) of General Motors
Corporation.In 1934, he established the philanthropic, nonprofit Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. GM under Alfred Sloan became famous for managing diverse operations.
Alfred Sloan is credited with establishing annual styling changes, from which came the concept of planned obsolescence. He also established a pricing structure in which Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac did not compete with each other, and buyers could be kept in the GM “family” as their buying power and preferences changed as they aged. These concepts, along with Ford Motor Company's resistance to the change in the 1920′s, propelled GM to industry sales leadership, a position it retained for over 70 years. Under his direction, GM became the largest, most successful and profitable industrial enterprise the world had ever known up to date.
In the 1930′s General Motors Corporation, long hostile to unionization, confronted its workforce, newly organized and ready for labor rights, in an extended contest for control. Alfred Sloan was averse to violence associated with Henry Ford. He preferred the subtle use of spying and had built up the best undercover apparatus the business community had ever seen up to that time. When the workers organized the massive Flint Sit-Down Strike in 1936, Alfred Sloan found that espionage had little value in the face of such open tactics.
The world's first university-based executive education program, the Sloan Fellows, was created in 1931 at MIT under the sponsorship of Alfred Sloan. A Sloan Foundation grant established the MIT School of Industrial Management in 1952 with the charge of educating the “ideal manager”, and the school was renamed in his honor as the Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, one of the world's premier business schools. Additional grants established a Sloan Institute of Hospital Administration Sloan Program in Health Administration in 1955 at Cornell University Cornell University, the first two year graduate program of its type in the US, a Sloan Fellows Program at Stanford Graduate School of Business in 1957, and at London Business School in 1965. They became degree programs in 1976, awarding the degree of Master of Science in Management. His name is also remembered in the Sloan-Kettering Institute and Cancer Center in New York. In 1951, Sloan received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award “in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York.” The Alfred P. Sloan Museum, showcasing the evolution of the automobile industry and traveling galleries, is located in Flint, Michigan. Alfred Sloan maintained an office in 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Rockefeller Center, now known as the GE Building. He retired as GM chairman on April 2, 1956 and died in 1966. Mr. Sloan was inducted into the Junior Achievement US Business Hall of Fame in 1975.
The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation is a philanthropic non-profit organization established by Alfred Sloan in 1934. The Foundation's programs and interests fall into the areas of science and technology, standard of living, economic performance, and education and careers in science and technology. The total assets of the Sloan Foundation have a market value of about $1.8 billion.
Walter Elias “Walt” Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was born in Chicago, Illinois. In 1906, when Walt Disney was 4, his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri. While in Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing. One of their neighbors, a retired doctor named “Doc” Sherwood, paid him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse. He also developed his love for trains in Marceline, which owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through town. The Disneys remained in Marceline
for four years, before moving to Kansas City in 1911. There, Walt Disney attended Benton Grammar School where he met Walter Pfeiffer. The Pfeiffers were theatre aficionados, and introduced him to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. He also attended Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute.
In 1917, Walt Disney's father acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back there. In the fall, Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and began taking night courses at the Chicago Art Institute. He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper. His cartoons were very patriotic, focusing on World War I. Disney dropped out of high school at the age of 16. Being underage for the US Army, Walt and one of his friends joined the Red Cross. Soon after he joined The Red Cross, he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance. In 1919, he left home and moved back to Kansas City to begin his artistic career. At Pesmen-Rubin, Walt Disney created ads for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters. It was here that he met a cartoonist named Ubbe Iwerks. When their time at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio expired, they were both without a job, and they decided to start their own commercial company. However, following a rough start, Walt Disney left temporarily to earn money at Kansas City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Ubbe Iwerks who was not able to run the business alone. While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made commercials based on cutout animation, Disney took up an interest in the field of animation, and decided to become an animator. He was allowed by the owner of the Ad Company to borrow a camera from work, which he could use to experiment with at home. After reading a book by Edwin G. Lutz, called Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, he found cell animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing. Walt Disney eventually opened his own animation business, and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee. They secured a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman to screen their cartoons. His cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area. Through their success, Walt Disney was able to acquire his own studio and hire a number of animators, including Ubbe Iwerks. Unfortunately, with all his high employee salaries the studio became loaded with debt and went bankrupt.
Walt Disney and his brother pooled their money to set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood. He sent an unfinished print of the Alice Comedies to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him. She was keen on a distribution deal with Walt Disney for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.
In 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business, and ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost instant success, and the character, Oswald — drawn and created by Iwerks — became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded.
In February 1928, Walt Disney went to New York to negotiate a higher fee per short from Mintz. Mintz announced that he wanted to reduce the fee he paid Walt Disney per short and that he had most of his main animators under contract and would start his own studio if he did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Walt Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Disney. Disney declined Mintz's offer and lost most of his animation staff.
After losing the rights to Oswald, Walt Disney felt the need to develop a new character. He based the character on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City. Ubbe Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Walt Disney so the character was easier to animate. Mickey's voice and personality was provided by Disney. The initial films were animated by Ubbe Iwerks. The first animated short with Mickey Mouse was titled “Plane Crazy” which was a silent film. After failing to find a distributor for Plane Crazy or its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, Walt Disney created a cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie. A businessman named Pat Powers provided Walt Disney with both distribution and Cinephone, a sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became an instant success. Walt Disney provided the vocal effects for the earliest cartoons and performed as the voice of Mickey Mouse until 1946. Mickey Mouse soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character.
In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera, approached Walt Disney and convinced him to redo Flowers and Trees, which was originally done in black and white, with three-strip Technicolor. Flowers and Trees would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons for 1932. Walt Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use three-strip Technicolor. In 1932, Walt Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of “Mickey Mouse.” In 1936, Ubbe Iwerks shut his studio to work on various projects dealing with animation technology and would go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies.
With several technical advances now available, Walt Disney had the ability to produce the feature film “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.” It was in full production from 1934 until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete Snow White, Walt Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers at the Bank of America, who gave the studio the money to finish the picture. The finished film premiered on December 21, 1937. The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million in its original theatrical release.
The success of Snow White allowed Walt Disney to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24, 1939. The feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi and the early production stages of Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan while the shorts staff continued work on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy and Pluto cartoon series.
Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the United States entered World War II. The US Army contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities and had the staff create training and instructional films for the military, home-front morale-boosting shorts such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the feature film Victory Through Air Power in 1943. However, the military films did not generate income, and the feature film Bambi underperformed when it was released in April 1942. Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944, establishing a seven-year re-release tradition for Disney features.
By the late 1940′s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, both of which had been shelved during the war years, and began work on Cinderella, which became Walt Disney's most successful film since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940′s, Walt Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. He got his idea for a children's theme park after visiting Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California. This plan was originally meant for a plot located south of the Studio, across the street. The original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that was to become Disneyland. He spent five years of his life developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary of his company, called WED Enterprises, to carry out the planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers. Disneyland officially opened on July 18, 1955. On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people who came out for the preview were Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings and Art Linkletter, who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim.
As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, and was soon followed by 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), Old Yeller (1957), The Shaggy Dog (1959), Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), and The Parent Trap (1961). The Walt Disney Studio produced its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC named Disneyland after the park, where he showed clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim, California. In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, Mickey Mouse Club debuted, which would continue in many various incarnations into the 1990′s.
By the early 1960′s, the Walt Disney empire was a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics.
In early 1964, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park located a few miles west of Orlando, Florida which was to be called Walt Disney World. Disney World was to include a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland which was to be called the Magic Kingdom. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City of Tomorrow, or EPCOT for short.
After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.
Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that all carry his name. The Walt Disney Company today owns, among other assets, 5 vacation resorts, 11 theme parks, 2 water parks, 39 hotels, 8 motion picture studios, 6 record labels, 11 cable television networks and 1 television network. As of 2007, the company had an annual revenue of over $35 billion.
In his later years, Walt Disney devoted substantial time towards funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). It was formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930′s. When Walt Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went towards CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, he paved the way for creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation. He also donated 38 acres of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for the school to be built on. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1972.
In 2009, the Walt Disney Family Museum opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts of Walt Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards he received. Walt Disney holds the record for number of Academy Award nominations (59) and number of awarded Oscars (26). Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars. The star was awarded in honor of Walt Disney's significant contributions to the city of Anaheim, California. Walt Disney has 2 stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures and the other for television.
Walt Disney received the Congressional Gold Medal on May 24, 1968 and the Légion d'Honneur in France in 1935. In 1935, he received a special medal from the League of Nations for the creation of Mickey Mouse. He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964. On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Walt Disney into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. A minor planet, 4017 Disneya, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina, is named after him. The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.
Raymond Albert "Ray" Kroc (5 octubre 1902 hasta 14 enero 1984) nació en Oak Park, Illinois, hijo de padres relativamente pobres. Fue a las escuelas públicas en Oak Park, Illinois, un suburbio de Chicago, pero no se graduó. Él era como conductor de ambulancias durante la Primera Guerra Mundial Después de la guerra, se convirtió en un pianista de jazz. Tras su matrimonio en 1922 se fue a trabajar para la Compañía de la Copa Lily-Tulip, pero pronto abandonó para convertirse en director musical de una de las estaciones de Chicago, pionero de la radio, WGES. Allí tocaba el piano, arregló la música, los cantantes y los músicos acompañaron a sueldo. Más tarde, la especulación del suelo siguiente en la Florida, empezó a vender bienes raíces en Fort Lauderdale. Cuando el boom se derrumbó en 1926, era tan pobre que tuvo que tocar el piano en un club nocturno de enviar a su esposa y su hija de vuelta a Chicago en tren. Más tarde los siguieron en su ruinoso modelo T de Ford.
Ray Kroc volvió a Lily-Tulip como vendedor, después se convirtió en gerente de ventas del Medio Oeste.En 1937 se encontró con un nuevo invento, una máquina que podía mezclar cinco batidos de leche al mismo tiempo, llamado el "multi-mesa de mezclas." Él fundó su propia compañía para actuar como distribuidor exclusivo para el producto en 1941.Muchos años después, en 1954, oyó hablar de un restaurante drive-in en San Bernardino, California, propiedad de Richard y Maurice McDonald D., que estaba operando ocho de sus múltiples mezcladores.Curioso en cuanto a la forma en que posiblemente podría usar tantas máquinas en un establecimiento pequeño, Kroc encontró que los hermanos estaban haciendo un negocio de venta de hamburguesas sólo notable, papas fritas francés, y batidos de leche.Reconoció una mina de oro y se acercó a los hermanos acerca de cómo iniciar una operación de franquicia en función de su restaurante, venta de hamburguesas por 15 centavos, papas fritas por 10 centavos y la vibración de 20 centavos de dólar.Después de algunas negociaciones los hermanos McDonald estuvo de acuerdo.En virtud del acuerdo, que iban a recibir la mitad del uno por ciento del producto interno bruto, Kroc se utilice el nombre de McDonald y el concepto, se comprometió a mantener altos niveles de calidad, y que conservan su símbolo - los arcos dorados.Ray Kroc abrió el primero de la cadena de restaurantes McDonald el 15 de abril de 1955, en Des Plaines, Illinois.En ese primer día, el restaurante de Ray Kroc tuvo una facturación de 366,12 dólares.By 1961 there were over 130 outlets, and in that year he bought out the McDonald brothers for $2.7 million. From these humble beginnings emerged an empire which by 1984 had 8,300 restaurants in 34 countries with sales of more than $10 billion.
Ray Kroc revolutionized the restaurant industry in much the same way that Henry Ford transformed the automobile industry a generation earlier. His great contribution was to figure out how to mass-produce food uniformly in large quantities, and then to convince millions of Americans that they needed to buy this food. To accomplish the first objective, he reduced the food business to a science. He researched every aspect of food. The precision of the operation can be appreciated when it is understood that each McDonald's hamburger was made with a 1.6 ounce beef patty, not more than 18.9 percent fat. It is exactly 0.221 inches thick and 3.875 inches wide.
The other side of the McDonald's success story is franchising, marketing and advertising. Three-quarters of McDonald's restaurants are run by franchisees. By 1985 each franchise cost about $250,000 and ran for 20 years, after which it reverted to the company. When choosing a franchisee, Ray Kroc looked for someone who was good with people. The franchise owners were trained at McDonald's “Hamburger University” in Elk Grove, Illinois. The company also provided a lengthy manual that outlined every aspect of the operation, from how to make a milk shake to how to be responsive to the community. Also critical to the business was advertising. Hundreds of millions of dollars were poured into advertising.
Despite its astounding success, and despite the fact that the company worked hard to project a charitable and community-oriented image, McDonald's came under attack on several fronts. A number of communities refused to allow its restaurants in their area. The company was also criticized for its extensive use of part-time teenage help, and especially for the $200,000 which Ray Kroc donated to Richard Nixon's re-election campaign, since the administration soon after recommended amending the minimum wage law to provide for a “youth differential.” This would have allowed employers to hire teenagers at 80% of the minimum wage. The architecture of the buildings and the nutritional content of the food also came under attack.
In the mid-1970′s Ray Kroc turned his energy from hamburgers to baseball, buying the San Diego Padres. He had less success at this, however, and in 1979 gave up operating control of the team. In the years before his death he and his second wife, Joan, set up foundations to aid alcoholics and established Ronald McDonald houses to help the families of children stricken with cancer.
Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was born near Houston, Texas. There is some argument as to the exact date and location of his birth. His parents were Allene Stone Gano (a descendant of Owen Tudor, second husband of Catherine of Valois, Dowager Queen of England) and Howard R. Hughes, Sr., who patented the two-cone roller bit, which allowed rotary drilling for petroleum in previously inaccessible places. Howard R. Hughes, Sr. made the decision to commercialize the invention, founding the Hughes Tool Company in 1909, in which be became quite successful.
Showing great aptitude in engineering at an early age, Howard Hughes built Houston's first radio transmitter when he was 11 years old. At 12, he was photographed in the local newspaper as being the first boy in Houston to have a “motorized” bicycle, which he had built himself from parts taken from his father's steam engine. As a student he liked mathematics, flying, and mechanics, taking his first flying lesson at 14 and later auditing math and aeronautical engineering courses at California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
Allene Hughes died in March 1922 from complications of an ectopic pregnancy. In January 1924, Howard Hughes Sr. died of a heart attack. Their deaths apparently inspired Howard Hughes to include the creation of a medical research laboratory in his will that he signed in 1925, at age 19. Because Howard Sr.'s will had not been updated since Allene's death, he inherited 75% of the family fortune. On his 19th birthday, he was declared an emancipated minor, enabling him to take full control of his life and property. He dropped out of Rice University shortly after his father's death. On June 1, 1925, he married Ella Botts Rice. They moved to Los Angeles, where he hoped to make a name for himself making movies.
His first two films, Everybody's Acting (1927) and Two Arabian Knights (1928), were financial successes, the latter winning the first Academy Award for Best Director of a Comedy Picture. The Racket (1928) and The Front Page (1931) were also nominated for Academy Awards. He spent $3.8 million to make the flying film Hell's Angels (1930). He produced another hit, Scarface (1932). The Outlaw, starring Jane Russell was released in 1943.
Howard Hughes' wife returned to Houston in 1929 and filed for divorce. He dated many famous women, including Billie Dove, Bette Davis, Ava Gardner, Olivia de Havilland, Katharine Hepburn and Gene Tierney. He also proposed to Joan Fontaine. Bessie Love was a mistress during his first marriage. Jean Harlow accompanied him to the premiere of Hell's Angels. He remained good friends with Gene Tierney. When her daughter Daria was born deaf and blind with severe mental retardation, due to Tierney being exposed to rubella during her pregnancy, Daria received the best medical care and he paid all the expenses.
On July 11, 1936, Howard Hughes struck and killed a pedestrian named Gabriel S. Meyer with his car. He was booked on suspicion of negligent homicide and held overnight in jail until his attorney obtained a writ of habeas corpus for his release pending a Coroner's inquest. By the time of the coroner's inquiry, however, the witness had changed his story and claimed that Meyer had moved directly in front of Howard Hughes's car. Nancy Bayly (Watts), who was in the car with Hughes at the time of the accident, corroborates this version. On July 16, 1936, he was held blameless by a Coroner's jury at the inquest into Meyer's death.
Howard Hughes was a lifelong aircraft enthusiast, pilot and aircraft engineer. At Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer aviators. He set many world records and designed and built several aircraft himself while heading Hughes Aircraft at the airport in Glendale. Operating from there, the most technologically important aircraft he designed was the Hughes H-1 Racer. On September 13, 1935, he, flying the H-1, set what was believed to be an airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h) near Santa Ana, California, although it is now recognized that Giuseppe Motta had reached 362 mph in 1929 and George Stainforth reached 407.5 mph in 1931. A year and a half later, on January 19, 1937, flying a redesigned H-1 Racer featuring extended wings, Howard Hughes set a new transcontinental airspeed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds. His average speed over the flight was 322 mph (518 km/h). The H-1 Racer featured a number of design “innovations”: it had retractable landing gear and all rivets and joints set flush into the body of the aircraft to reduce drag. The H-1 Racer is thought to have influenced the design of a number of World War II fighters such as the Mitsubishi Zero, the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and the F8F Bearcat, although that has never been reliably confirmed. The H-1 Racer was donated to the Smithsonian Institute in 1975 and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum. On July 10, 1938, Hughes set another record by completing a flight around the world in just 91 hours. For this flight he did not fly an aircraft of his own design, but a Lockheed Super Electra (a twin-engine transport with a four-man crew) fitted with all of the latest radio and navigational equipment. He wanted the flight to be a triumph of technology, illustrating that safe, long-distance air travel was possible. He also had a hand in the design and financing of both the Boeing 307 Stratoliner and Lockheed L-049 Constellation. Howard Hughes received many awards as an aviator, including the Harmon Trophy in 1936 and 1938, the Collier Trophy in 1938, the Octave Chanute Award in 1940 and a special Congressional Gold Medal in 1939 “in recognition of the achievements of Howard Hughes in advancing the science of aviation and thus bringing great credit to his country throughout the world.”
Howard Hughes was involved in a near-fatal aircraft accident on July 7, 1946, while piloting the experimental US Army Air Force reconnaissance aircraft, the XF-11, over Los Angeles. When the XF-11 finally skidded to a halt after hitting three houses, the fuel tanks exploded, setting fire to the aircraft and a nearby home. He managed to pull himself out of the flaming wreckage but lay beside the aircraft until he was rescued. He received significant injuries in the crash, including a crushed collar bone, multiple cracked ribs, crushed chest with collapsed left lung, shifting his heart to the right side of the chest cavity, and numerous 3rd-degree burns. As he lay in his hospital bed, he decided that he did not like the design of the bed. He called in plant engineers to design a “tailor-made” bed, equipped with hot and cold running water, built in 6 sections, and operated by 30 electric motors, with push-button adjustments. Many attribute his long-term addiction to opiates to his use of morphine as a painkiller during his convalescence. The trademark mustache he wore afterward was meant to cover a scar on his upper lip resulting from the accident.
The Hughes H-4 Hercules (“Spruce Goose”) was the world's largest flying aircraft made from wood. At 319 feet 11 inches (97.51 m), it had the biggest wingspan of any aircraft ever built up to that date. The Hercules was originally contracted by the US government for use during World War II to transport troops and equipment across the Atlantic as an alternative to sea-going troop transport ships that were vulnerable to German U-boats. However the aircraft was not completed until after the end of World War II. The Hercules flew only once for one mile (1.6 km), and 70 feet above the water, with Howard Hughes at the controls, on November 2, 1947. Howard Hughes was summoned to testify before the Senate War Investigating Committee to explain why the aircraft had not been delivered to the United States Army Air Forces during the war, but the committee disbanded without releasing a final report.
Hughes Aircraft Company, a division of Hughes Tool Company, was originally founded by Howard Hughes in 1932, in a rented corner of a Lockheed Aircraft Corporation hangar in Burbank, California, to carry out the expensive conversion of a military aircraft into the H-1 racer. During and after World War II, Hughes fashioned his company into a major defense contractor. The Hughes Helicopters division started in 1947 when helicopter manufacturer Kellett sold their latest design to Howard Hughes for production. In 1948, he created a new division of the company, the Hughes Aerospace Group. The Hughes Space and Communications Group and the Hughes Space Systems Division were later spun off in 1948 to form their own divisions and ultimately became the Hughes Space and Communications Company in 1961. In 1953, Howard Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute, thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a tax-exempt charitable organization. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for $5.2 billion. In 1997, General Motors sold Hughes Aircraft to Raytheon and in 2000, sold Hughes Space & Communications to Boeing. A combination of Boeing, GM and Raytheon acquired the Hughes Research Laboratories.
In 1939, at the urging of Jack Frye, president of TWA, Howard Hughes quietly purchased a majority share of TWA stock for nearly $7 million and took control of the airline. Upon assuming ownership, he was prohibited by federal law from building his own aircraft. Seeking an aircraft that would perform better than TWA's fleet of Boeing 307 Stratoliners, he approached Boeing's competitor, Lockheed. He had a good relationship with Lockheed since they had built the aircraft he used in his record flight around the world in 1938. Lockheed agreed to his request that the new aircraft be built in secrecy. The result was the revolutionary Constellation and TWA purchased the first 40 of the new airliners off the production line. In 1956, Howard Hughes placed an order for 63 Convair 880s for TWA at a cost of $400 million. Although he was extremely wealthy at this time, outside creditors demanded that he relinquish control of TWA in return for providing the money. In 1960, he was ultimately forced out of TWA, although he owned 78% of the company and battled to regain control. In 1966, he was forced by a US federal court to sell his shares in TWA because of concerns over conflict of interest between his ownership of both TWA and Hughes Aircraft. The sale of his TWA shares netted him a profit of $547 million. During the 1970′s, he went back into the airline business, buying the airline Air West and renaming it Hughes Airwest.
In 1948, Howard Hughes gained control of RKO, a struggling major Hollywood studio, by acquiring 25% of the outstanding stock from Floyd Odlum's Atlas Corporation. Within weeks of taking control, he dismissed three-quarters of the work force and production was shut down for 6 months while he undertook the investigation of the politics of all remaining studio employees. Completed pictures would be sent back for re-shooting if he felt his star was not properly presented, or if a film's anti-communist politics were not sufficiently clear. Howard Hughes sold the RKO theaters in 1953 as settlement of the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. antitrust case. With the sale of the profitable theaters, the shaky status of the film studio became increasingly apparent. A steady stream of lawsuits from RKO's minority shareholders, charging him with financial misconduct and corporate mismanagement, became an increasing nuisance, especially because he wanted to focus on his aircraft-manufacturing and TWA holdings during the Korean War years. Eager to be rid of the distraction, he offered to buy out all other stockholders. By the end of 1954, at a cost of nearly $24 million, he had gained near total control of RKO, becoming the closest thing to a sole owner of a Hollywood studio seen in 3 decades. 6 months later, he sold the studio to the General Tire and Rubber Company for $25 million. Howard Hughes retained the rights to pictures he had personally produced, including those made at RKO. He also retained Jane Russell's contract. For Howard Hughes, this was the virtual end of his 25-year involvement in motion pictures. He reportedly walked away from RKO having made $6.5 million in personal profit. General Tire's studio lots in Hollywood and Culver City were sold to Desilu Productions for $6.15 million in 1957.
In 1953, Howard Hughes launched the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Chevy Chase, Maryland, formed with the express goal of basic biomedical research, including trying to understand the “genesis of life itself.” His first will, which he signed in 1925 at the age of 19, stipulated that a portion of his estate should be used to create a medical institute bearing his name. He gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the institute, thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a tax-exempt charity. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's new board of trustees sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for $5.2 billion, allowing the institute to grow dramatically. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute was the 4th largest private organization as of 2007 and the largest devoted to biological and medical research, with an endowment of $16.3 billion as of June 2007.
On January 12, 1957, Howard Hughes married actress Jean Peters.
Shortly before the 1960 Presidential election, Richard Nixon was harmed by revelations of a $205,000 loan from Howard Hughes to Nixon's brother Donald. In late 1971, Donald Nixon was collecting intelligence for his brother in preparation for the upcoming presidential election. One of Donald's sources was John H. Meier, a former business adviser of Howard Hughes who had also worked with Democratic National Chairman Larry O'Brien. However, Meier conspired with former Vice President of the United States, Hubert Humphrey, and others to feed disinformation to the Nixon campaign. Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the election because Larry O'Brien had a great deal of information on Richard Nixon's illicit dealings with Howard Hughes that had never been released. Donald told his brother that O'Brien was in possession of damaging information that could destroy his campaign.
In 1972, Howard Hughes was approached by the CIA to help secretly recover Soviet submarine K-129 which had sunk near Hawaii 4 years earlier. Thus the Glomar Explorer, a special-purpose salvage vessel, was born. His involvement provided the CIA with a plausible cover story, having to do with civilian marine research at extreme depths and the mining of undersea manganese nodules. In the summer of 1974, Glomar Explorer attempted to raise the Soviet vessel. However, during the recovery a mechanical failure in the ship's grapple caused half of the submarine to break off and fall to the ocean floor. This section is believed to have held many of the most sought-after items, including its code book and nuclear missiles. Two nuclear-tipped torpedoes and some cryptographic machines were recovered, along with the bodies of six Soviet submariners who were subsequently given formal burial at sea in a filmed ceremony. The operation, known as Project Azorian, became public in February 1975 because burglars had obtained secret documents from Howard Hughes' headquarters in June 1974. Though he lent his name to the operation, Howard Hughes and his companies had no actual involvement in the project.
The wealthy and aging Howard Hughes, accompanied by his entourage of personal aides, began moving from one hotel to another, always taking up residence in the top floor penthouse. During the last 10 years of his life, from 1966 to 1976, he lived in hotels in Beverly Hills, Boston, Las Vegas, Nassau, Freeport, Xanadu Princess Hotel, Bayshore Inn Vancouver, London, Managua, Acapulco and others.
On November 24, 1966, Howard Hughes arrived in Las Vegas by railroad car and moved into the Desert Inn. Because he refused to leave the hotel and to avoid further conflicts with the owners of the hotel, he bought the Desert Inn in early 1967. The hotel's 8th floor became the operational center of his empire and the 9th-floor penthouse became his personal residence. Between 1966 and 1968, he bought several other hotels/casinos such as the Castaways, New Frontier, The Landmark Hotel and Casino, the Sands and Silver Slipper casino. He wanted to change the image of Las Vegas to something more glamorous than it was. As he wrote in a memo to an aide, “I like to think of Las Vegas in terms of a well-dressed man in a dinner jacket and a beautifully jeweled and furred female getting out of an expensive car.” He bought several local television stations (including KLAS-TV).
In 1971, Jean Peters filed for divorce. Peters requested a lifetime alimony payment of $70,000 a year, adjusted for inflation, and waived all claims to Howard Hughes' estate. Hughes offered her a settlement of over a million dollars, but she declined it.
Howard Hughes was reported to have died on April 5, 1976, at 1:27 PM on board an aircraft owned by Robert Graf, en route from his penthouse at the “Acapulco Fairmont Princess Hotel” in Mexico to The Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas. A subsequent autopsy noted kidney failure as the cause of death. He was in extremely poor physical condition at the time of his death. X-rays revealed broken-off hypodermic needles still embedded in his arms and severe malnutrition. While his kidneys were damaged, his other internal organs were deemed perfectly healthy.
Howard Hughes' $2.5 billion estate was eventually split in 1983 among 22 cousins, including William Lummis who serves as a trustee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The US Supreme Court ruled that Hughes Aircraft was owned by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which sold it to General Motors in 1985 for $5.2 billion. Suits brought by the states of California and Texas claiming they were owed inheritance tax were both rejected by the court. In 1984, his estate paid an undisclosed amount to Terry Moore, who claimed to have been secretly married to him on a yacht in international waters off Mexico in 1949 and never divorced.
Howard Hughes has now emerged as one of the 20th Century's most iconic business and aviation figures spawning a wide range of cultural references.
Samuel Moore "Sam" Walton (29 marzo 1918-5 abril 1992) nació en Kingfisher, Oklahoma. Como un niño, Sam Walton, se trasladó con su familia a Missouri, donde se convirtió en un Eagle Scout a los 13 años, dirigente estudiantil, y el mariscal de campo estrella del baloncesto en un equipo estatal campeonato de fútbol en la Escuela de Hickman en Columbia, Missouri. Se graduó de la Universidad de Missouri en Columbia en 1940 con una Licenciatura en Economía. Durante la 2 ª Guerra Mundial, sirvió como capitán en el Ejército de los EE.UU. Cuerpo de Inteligencia. Mientras que en el ejército, se casó con Helen Robson de Claremore, Oklahoma, en el Día de San Valentín, 14 de febrero de 1943. Con los años, que tuvo 4 hijos: Rob, Jim, John y Alice.
Inmediatamente después de su servicio militar, Sam Walton trabajado para JC Penney en Iowa y manejó su propia tienda de variedades en Newport, Arkansas.En 1951, abrió un Five and Dime de Walton en Bentonville, Arkansas.El 2 de julio de 1962, abrió su primera tienda Wal-Mart en Rogers, Arkansas.Se puso en marcha un esfuerzo decidido para comercializar los productos fabricados en Estados Unidos.Incluido en el esfuerzo era la voluntad de encontrar fabricantes estadounidenses que podrían suministrar la mercancía para toda la cadena Wal Mart a un precio lo suficientemente bajo como para enfrentar la competencia extranjera.Popularidad a principios de la compañía superó sus expectativas, lo que resulta en un rápido ritmo de expansión del estado por estado financiado en gran parte a través de ganancias de una oferta pública de acciones en 1971.Como parte de su estrategia de gestión, se aseguró de que la información sobre los objetivos de la empresa y los resultados no se llevó a cabo muy de cerca por unos pocos ejecutivos, sino que se comparte entre todos los empleados.Sam Walton era un modelo a seguir y visionario.Él introdujo las nuevas tecnologías para el comercio minorista y alentó a los empleados a asumir riesgos.Él experimentó con diferentes tipos de tiendas.Almacenes de membresía de SAM'S Club y Wal-Mart Supercenters fueron dos ejemplos de éxito.Cuando pensaba que era el momento, se amplió por primera vez en México, y luego en otros países.A finales de 1998, Wal-Mart tenía tiendas en 4 continentes y 9 países.
Durante su vida, Sam Walton, fue reconocido tanto por su éxito en los negocios y su compromiso con la comunidad.Él construyó esta empresa con el propósito de salvar a la gente dinero para que puedan vivir mejor.Esta previsión contribuyó a que se le nombró "mercader de Estados Unidos con más éxito" en el tema de portada septiembre de 1991 de la revista Fortune.
Su compromiso con la filantropía como resultado la creación de una fundación.Ese compromiso se ha convertido en bases de Walmart nacionales e internacionales que dan más de $ 423 millones en efectivo y en regalos en especie de 01 de febrero 2008 al 31 de enero de 2009.
Poco antes de su muerte el 5 de abril de 1992, Sam Walton, recibió la Medalla Presidencial de la Libertad del Presidente George Bush, el más alto honor del país concede a sus ciudadanos.También recibió el prestigioso Premio Nacional de 1997 los patriotas para "ejemplificar los ideales que hacen fuerte a este país." En 1998, fue incluido en la lista de Time de las 100 personas más influyentes del siglo 20.Sam Walton, fue honrado por todos sus esfuerzos pioneros en el comercio minorista en marzo de 1992.También ese año, la provincia de Jiangsu de la República Popular de China le otorgó el Premio de la Estrella de Oro de Extranjería para "infatigable colaboración en el desarrollo de fábricas de propiedad de la gente en el área de Suzhou.
Mary Kay Ash (May 12, 1918 – November 22, 2001) was born Mary Kathlyn Wagner in Hot Wells, Texas. Her mother, who had studied to be a nurse, worked long hours managing a restaurant. When Mary Kay was two or three, her father was ill with tuberculosis. As a result, it was her responsibility to clean, cook, and care for her father while her mother was at work. She excelled in school, but her family could not afford to send her to college. She married at age seventeen and eventually had three children.
During a time when few married women with families worked outside the home, Mary Kay Ash became an employee of Stanley Home Products in Houston, Texas. She conducted demonstration “parties” at which she sold company products, mostly to homemakers like herself. Energetic and a quick learner, Mary Kay Ash became a unit manager, a post she held from 1938 to 1952. She also spent a year studying at the University of Houston to follow her dream of becoming a doctor, but she gave it up and returned to sales work. After her marriage ended in 1952, she took a sales job at World Gift Company in Dallas, Texas. She began to develop her theory of marketing and sales, which included offering sales incentives to the customer as well as the sales force. She was intelligent and hardworking, but, unlike men, women were given hardly any opportunities for advancement at the time. Tired of being passed over for promotions in favor of the men she had trained, she quit. She planned to write a book about her experiences in the work force.
In 1963, with an investment of $5000 Mary Kay Ash founded her own company to sell a skin cream to which she had purchased the manufacturing rights. She named her company “Beauty by Mary Kay.” She was determined to offer career opportunities in her company to any woman who had the energy and creativity required to sell Mary Kay cosmetics. Before long she had a force of female sales representatives who were eager to prove themselves. Her second husband died in 1963, a month before her company was established. Her oldest son helped guide her through the start-up phase of her company. Three years later she married Melville J. Ash, who worked in the wholesale gift business. Believing it was important to reward hard workers, she gave away vacations, jewelry and pink Cadillacs to her top performers. With goals such as these to shoot for, her salespeople made the company a huge success. Within two years sales neared $1 million. The company's growth continued and new products were added. Every year since 1992 Mary Kay Cosmetics made Fortune magazine's list of 500 largest companies and was listed in a book entitled “The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America.” It now employs over 475 thousand people in over 25 countries.
Mary Kay Ash published her life story, Mary Kay, in 1981. It sold over a million copies, and she went on to write Mary Kay on People Management (1984) and Mary Kay—You Can Have It All (1995). In 1987 she became chairman emeritus of her company. She helped raise money for cancer research after her third husband died of the disease. In 1993 she was honored with the dedication of the Mary Kay Ash Center for Cancer Immunotherapy Research at St. Paul Medical Center in Dallas. In 1996 the Mary Kay Ash Charitable Foundation was started to research cancers that mainly affect women. She was a tough businessperson with a thorough knowledge of marketing and sales. Through her belief in women's abilities and her willingness to give them a chance, she made the dream of a successful career a reality for hundreds of thousands of women worldwide.
George Walton Lucas, Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American film producer, screenwriter and director. He is best known for being the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones movie franchises. George Lucas was born in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy and George Lucas, Sr. (1913–1991), who owned a stationery store.
Mucho antes de que George Lucas se obsesionó con el cine, quería ser un piloto de carreras, y pasó la mayor parte de sus años de escuela secundaria a la competición en el circuito underground en el recinto ferial y pasar un rato en garajes. Sin embargo, un accidente casi fatal en su Bianchina trucado Autobianchi el 12 de junio de 1962, pocos días antes de su graduación de secundaria, rápidamente cambió de opinión. En lugar de las carreras, asistió a Modesto Junior College y más tarde fue aceptada en una universidad para estudiar antropología. Al tiempo que toma cursos de artes liberales, él desarrolló una pasión por la cinematografía y trucos de cámara. George Lucas se graduó de Brookdale Community College en Nueva Jersey.
Durante este tiempo, un cineasta experimental llamado Bruce Baillie clavado una sábana en el patio de su casa en 1960 para examinar el trabajo de los subterráneos, de vanguardia de 16 mm de cineastas como Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage y Conner Bruce.Para los próximos años, la serie de Baillie, conocido como Cañón del Cine, recorrió los cafés locales.Estos eventos se convirtió en un imán para el adolescente, George Lucas y su amigo de la infancia de John Plummer.El joven de 19 años de edad comenzó a escabullirse a San Francisco para pasar el rato en los clubes de jazz y encontrar noticias de Canyon proyecciones de cine en volantes en la librería City Lights.Ya un fotógrafo prometedor, George Lucas se enamoró de estas películas abstractas.
George Lucas, luego fue trasladado a la Universidad de Southern California School of Cinematic Arts.USC es una de las primeras universidades para tener una escuela dedicada a la película cinematográfica.Durante los años en la USC, George Lucas comparten un dormitorio con Randal Kleiser.Junto con sus compañeros como Walter Murch, Barwood Hal y John Milius, se convirtieron en una pandilla de estudiantes de cine conocido como The Dirty Dozen.También se convirtió en muy buenos amigos con el realizador aclamado por su compañero de estudios y el futuro de Indiana Jones, colaborador de Steven Spielberg.George Lucas, fue profundamente influenciado por el campo de la expresión fílmica enseñado en la escuela por el realizador Lester Novros que se centró en los elementos no narrativos del texto fílmico como el color, luz, movimiento, espacio y tiempo.Otra gran fuente de inspiración fue la montagist Serbio (y decano del Departamento de Cine de la USC) Slavko Vorkapich, un teórico de la película comparable en importancia histórica a Sergei Eisenstein, quien se mudó a Hollywood para rodar impresionantes secuencias de montaje para las características del estudio de MGM, RKO y Paramount.
Después de graduarse con una licenciatura en bellas artes en el cine en 1967, trató de unirse a la Fuerza Aérea de Estados Unidos como oficial, pero fue rechazado de inmediato a causa de sus numerosas entradas por exceso de velocidad.Fue seleccionado más tarde por el Ejército para el servicio militar en Vietnam, pero estaba exento del proyecto después de las pruebas médicas mostraron que tenía diabetes, la enfermedad que mató a su abuelo paterno.
En 1967, Lucas re-inscrito como estudiante graduado de la USC en la producción cinematográfica.Trabajo como profesor de enseñanza para una clase de la Marina de Estados Unidos a los estudiantes que estaban siendo enseñados cinematografía documental, George Lucas dirigió el cortometraje Laberinto electrónico: THX 1138 4EB, el cual ganó el primer premio en el Festival Nacional de Cine 1967-1968 Estudiante, y más tarde fue adaptado en su primer largometraje, THX 1138.George Lucas, fue galardonado con una beca estudiantil por Warner Brothers para observar y trabajar en la realización de una película de su elección.La película que eligió fue El valle del arco iris (1968) que fue dirigida por Francis Ford Coppola, quien en ese momento fue venerado entre los estudiantes de las escuelas de cine de la época como un graduado de cine que había "llegado" en Hollywood.En 1969, George Lucas fue uno de los operadores de cámara en los clásicos de Rolling Stones concierto de la película Gimme Shelter.
George Lucas es un director de cine, con una carrera en el cine dominado por la escritura y la producción.Aparte de los nueve cortometrajes que hizo en la década de 1960, también dirigió seis funciones principales.Su trabajo a partir de 1971 y 1977 como guionista y director, que lo estableció como una figura importante en Hollywood, se compone de sólo tres películas: THX 1138, American Graffiti y Star Wars.Hubo un paréntesis de 22 años entre Star Wars Episodio IV y sus únicos largometrajes créditos como director, las tres precuelas de Star Wars.
George Lucas, actuó como un escritor y productor ejecutivo de otra franquicia exitosa película de Hollywood, la serie de Indiana Jones.Además, su decisión de establecer su propia compañía de efectos especiales para hacer la película original de Star Wars ha producido enormes beneficios, esta empresa, el galardonado Industrial Light and Magic (ILM), es uno de los líderes mundiales en los efectos especiales del cine.
George Lucas, co-fundó el estudio americano Zoetrope de Francis Ford Coppola - a quien conoció durante su pasantía en la Warner Brothers - con la esperanza de crear un ambiente de liberación para los cineastas que dirigen fuera de la percepción de control opresivo de los estudios de Hollywood.Su primer largometraje producido por el estudio, THX 1138, no fue un éxito.George Lucas, luego creó su propia compañía, Lucasfilm, Ltd., y dirigió American Graffiti (1973).Su nueva riqueza y reputación le permitió desarrollar una historia ambientada en el espacio.Aun así, se encontró con dificultades para obtener Star Wars hecho.Fue sólo por Alan Ladd, Jr., en los Estudios Fox, le gustaba American Graffiti que obligó a través de un acuerdo de producción y distribución de la película, que terminó la restauración de Fox a la estabilidad financiera después de una serie de fracasos.
Star Wars se convirtió rápidamente en la película más taquillera de todos los tiempos, desplazó a cinco años después por Steven Spielberg, ET el extraterrestre.Durante el rodaje de Star Wars, George Lucas, renunció a su cargo por adelantado como director y negociada al dueño de los derechos de comercialización y licencias.Esta decisión le valió cientos de millones de dólares, ya que fue capaz de sacar provecho directamente de todos los juegos con licencia, juguetes y objetos de colección creadas para la franquicia.Este capital acumulado que le permitió financiar la continuación de sí mismo.
Durante las dos décadas después de la primera película de Star Wars, Lucas trabajado extensamente como guionista y / o productor, incluyendo las muchas guerras de Star spin-off hechas para el cine, la televisión y otros medios de comunicación.Se desempeñó como productor ejecutivo para los próximos dos películas de Star Wars, la asignación de la dirección de El imperio contraataca Irvin Kershner, y al retorno del Jedi Richard Marquand, mientras recibe un crédito de la historia en el primero y el intercambio de un crédito de guionista con el de Lawrence Kasdan este último.George Lucas, también actuó como productor ejecutivo y escritor de cuentos en los cuatro de las películas de Indiana Jones, que convenció a su amigo colega y buena, de Steven Spielberg, para dirigir.Otros proyectos importantes como productor o productor ejecutivo en este período incluyen Kagemusha de Kurosawa (1980), El calor de Lawrence Kasdan Body (1981), Laberinto de Jim Henson (1986), Powaqqatsi de Godfrey Reggio (1986) y la película animada The Land Before Time (1988 ).Había también algunos otros proyectos, entre ellos más American Graffiti (1979), Howard the Duck (1986), Willow (1988) y Tucker, el hombre y su sueño (1988).Entre 1992 y 1996, George Lucas sirvió como productor ejecutivo de la spin-off de televisión El joven Indiana Jones.En 1997, por el 20 aniversario de Star Wars, George Lucas volvió a su trilogía para mejorar y añadir algunas escenas que utilizan la tecnología digital recientemente disponible.Estas nuevas versiones se estrenará en los cines como la trilogía de Star Wars: Special Edition.Para las versiones de DVD en 2004, esta serie ha recibido revisiones adicionales para que sean congruentes con la trilogía precuela.Además de las incorporaciones a la franquicia de Star Wars, George Lucas lanzó recortes director de Edición Especial de THX 1138 y American Graffiti que contiene una serie de revisiones CGI.
El estudio de animación Pixar se fundó como el Grupo de Gráficos, una tercera parte de la División de Informática de Lucasfilm.A principios de Pixar equipo de investigación de gráficos tenido efectos revolucionarios en películas como Star Trek II: La ira de Khan y Young Sherlock Holmes, y el grupo fue comprado en 1986 por Steve Jobs poco después de abandonar Apple después de una lucha de poder en Apple Computer.Steve Jobs, pagó US $ 5 millones a George Lucas y puso $ 5 millones como capital en la empresa.La venta reflejó el deseo de George Lucas de detener las pérdidas de flujo de efectivo de sus proyectos de investigación de 7 años asociados con las nuevas herramientas tecnológicas de entretenimiento, así como nuevo enfoque de su compañía en crear productos de entretenimiento en lugar de herramientas.Un factor que contribuyó fue dificultades de tesorería después de 1983 de George Lucas, el divorcio concurrente con la recepción de boletas repentina de los ingresos de Star Wars licencias tras el lanzamiento de El Retorno del Jedi.
El sistema de sonido equipado, THX Ltd., fue fundada por George Lucas y Holman Tomlinson.La empresa fue anteriormente propiedad de Lucasfilm, y contiene un equipo de estéreo, digital y sonido de teatro para películas y música.Skywalker Sound y la Industrial Light and Magic, las subdivisiones de efectos de sonido y visuales de Lucasfilm, respectivamente, se han convertido en una de las firmas más respetadas en su campo.Lucasfilm Games, después renombrada LucasArts, es muy respetado en la industria del juego.
En 1994, George Lucas comenzó a trabajar en el guión de la precuela de La Amenaza Fantasma, que sería la primera película que ha dirigido en más de dos décadas.La amenaza fantasma fue lanzado en 1999, a partir de una nueva trilogía de Star Wars.George Lucas también dirigió Star Wars Episodio II: El Ataque de los Clones y Star Wars Episodio III: La Venganza de los Sith, que fueron puestos en libertad en 2002 y 2005, respectivamente.
En 2008, volvió a formar equipo con Steven Spielberg de Indiana Jones y el Reino de la Calavera de Cristal.
En 1991, The George Lucas Educational Foundation fue fundada como una fundación sin fines de lucro de funcionamiento para celebrar y fomentar la innovación en las escuelas.El contenido de la Fundación está disponible bajo la marca Edutopia, en un sitio web premiado ya través de películas documentales.George Lucas, a través de su fundación, fue uno de los principales proponentes del programa E-rate en el fondo de servicio universal, que fue promulgada como parte de la Telecommunications Act de 1996.El 24 de junio de 2008, George Lucas, testificó ante el Congreso de los Estados Unidos de representantes del subcomité de Telecomunicaciones e Internet, como la cabeza de su Fundación para abogar por una red de banda ancha inalámbrica gratuita la educación.
El American Film Institute de George Lucas recibió el Premio a la vida el 9 de junio de 2005.Esto fue poco después del lanzamiento de Star Wars Episodio III: La Venganza de los Sith, sobre el que bromeó diciendo que, puesto que considera que toda la serie Star Wars como una película, que en realidad podría recibir el premio, ahora que por fin había "vuelto y terminó la película. "
El 5 de junio de 2005, George Lucas, fue nombrado entre los 100 "más grande de los americanos" por el Discovery Channel.
George Lucas, fue nominada para cuatro Oscars: Mejor Dirección y Redacción de American Graffiti, y Mejor Dirección y Redacción de Star Wars.Él recibió de la Academia Premio Irving G. Thalberg en 1991.Se presentó en la 79 ª ceremonia de los Oscar en 2007 con Steven Spielberg y Francis Ford Coppola para presentar el premio al mejor director a su amigo Martin Scorsese.Durante el discurso, Spielberg y Coppola habló de la alegría de ganar un Oscar, burlándose de George Lucas, que no ha ganado un Oscar competitivo.
En 2005, George Lucas dio $ 1 millón para ayudar a construir el Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial en el National Mall en Washington DC para conmemorar los derechos civiles estadounidense Martin Luther King, Jr.
El 19 de septiembre de 2006, la USC ha anunciado que George Lucas ha donado $ 175-180 million a su alma mater para ampliar la escuela de cine.Es la mayor donación a la USC y el mayor regalo para una escuela de cine en cualquier lugar.Donaciones anteriores dio lugar a la ya existente de George Lucas de Instrucción de la Construcción y Marcia Lucas edificio post-producción.
El 1 de enero de 2007, George Lucas, fue el Gran Mariscal para el Torneo de las Rosas 2007, e hizo el lanzamiento de la moneda en el Rose Bowl del 2007.
El 25 de agosto de 2009, el gobernador Arnold Schwarzenegger y Maria Shriver anunciaron que George Lucas sería uno de los 13 en California Salón de la Fama en la exposición de un año de duración El Museo de California.La ceremonia fue el 1 de diciembre de 2009, en Sacramento, California.
El 6 de septiembre de 2009, George Lucas estaba en Venecia para presentar al equipo de Pixar el León de Oro por su trayectoria durante el 2009 la Bienal de Cine Festival de Venecia.
Oprah Winfrey (born Orpah Gail Winfrey on January 29, 1954) was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi to unmarried teenage parents. Her mother, Vernita Lee was a housemaid. She believed that her biological father was Vernon Winfrey, a coal miner turned barber turned city councilman who had been in the Armed Forces when she was born. She had her DNA tested. The genetic test determined that her maternal line originated among the Kpelle ethnic group, in the area that today is Liberia. Her genetic make up was determined to be 89% Sub-Saharan African. After her birth, her mother moved and she spent her first 6 years living in rural poverty with her grandmother. Her grandmother taught her to read before the age of 3 and took her to the local church. At 6, she moved to an inner-city neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin with her mother. Oprah Winfrey has stated that she was molested by her cousin, her uncle and a family friend, starting when she was 9 years old. When she was 14, she became pregnant, her son dying shortly after birth. Her mother sent her to live with Vernon Winfrey in Nashville, Tennessee. Vernon was strict, but encouraging and made her education a priority. Oprah Winfrey became an honors student, was voted Most Popular Girl, joined her high school speech team at East Nashville High School, placing second in the nation in dramatic interpretation. She won an oratory contest, which secured her a full scholarship to Tennessee State University where she studied communication. Her first job as a teenager was working at a local grocery store. At age 17, she won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant. She got the attention of the local black radio station, WVOL, which hired her to do the news part-time. She worked there during her senior year of high school, and again while in her first two years of college.
Working in local media, she was both the youngest news anchor and the first black female news anchor at Nashville's WLAC-TV. She moved to Baltimore's WJZ-TV in 1976 to co-anchor the 6pm news. She was then recruited to join Richard Sher as co-host of WJZ's local talk show People Are Talking, which premiered on August 14, 1978. She also hosted the local version of Dialing for Dollars. In 1983, she moved to Chicago to host WLS-TV's low-rated half-hour morning talk show, AM Chicago. The first episode aired on January 2, 1984. Within months after she took over, the show went from last place in the ratings to overtaking Donahue as the highest rated talk show in Chicago. The movie critic Roger Ebert persuaded her to sign a syndication deal with King World. It was renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show, expanded to a full hour, and broadcast nationally beginning September 8, 1986. Her syndicated show brought in double Donahue's national audience, displacing Donahue as the number one day-time talk show in America. In the mid 1990′s she adopted a less tabloid-oriented format, hosting shows on broader topics such as heart disease, geopolitics, spirituality and meditation and interviewing celebrities on social issues they were directly involved with, such as cancer, charity work, or substance abuse.
In 1985, Oprah Winfrey co-starred in Steven Spielberg's The Color Purple as distraught housewife, Sofia. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In addition, she produced and co-starred in the 1989 drama miniseries The Women of Brewster Place and Brewster Place. In October 1998, she produced and starred in the film Beloved, based on Toni Morrison's Pulitzer Prize winning novel. Oprah Winfrey co-founded the women's cable television network Oxygen. She is also the president of Harpo Productions. On January 15, 2008, Winfrey and Discovery Communications announced plans to change Discovery Health Channel into a new channel called OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network. In late 2008, Harpo Films signed an exclusive output pact to develop and produce scripted series, documentaries and movies for HBO. In 1993, she hosted a rare prime-time interview with Michael Jackson, which became the 4th most watched event in American television history as well as the most watched interview ever, with an audience of 36.5 million. On December 1, 2005, she appeared on The Late Show with David Letterman to promote the new Broadway musical The Color Purple, of which she was a producer. The episode helped Letterman attract his largest audience in more than 11 years: 13.45 million viewers. Oprah voiced Gussie the goose for Charlotte's Web (2006) and the voice of Judge Bumbleden in Bee Movie (2007). In 2009, she provided the voice for the character of Eudora in Disney's The Princess and the Frog and in 2010, narrated the US version of the BBC nature program Life for Discovery.
Oprah Winfrey has co-authored five books. She publishes 2 magazines: O, The Oprah Magazine and O at Home. In 2002 Fortune called O, the Oprah Magazine the most successful start-up ever in the industry. Her company created the Oprah.com website to provide resources and interactive content relating to her shows, magazines, book club, and public charity. Oprah.com averages more than 70 million page views and more than six million users per month, and receives approximately 20,000 e-mails each week. She initiated “Oprah's Child Predator Watch List”, through her show and website, to help track down accused child molesters. Within the first 48 hours, two of the featured men were captured.
On February 9, 2006, it was announced that Oprah Winfrey had signed a three-year, $55 million contract with XM Satellite Radio to establish a new radio channel. The channel, Oprah Radio, features popular contributors to The Oprah Winfrey Show and O, The Oprah Magazine including Nate Berkus, Dr. Mehmet Oz, Bob Greene, Dr. Robin Smith and Marianne Williamson. Oprah & Friends began broadcasting at 11:00 am ET, September 25, 2006, from a new studio at her Chicago headquarters. At 41, she had a net worth of $340 million and replaced Bill Cosby as the only African American on the Forbes 400. With a 2000 net worth of $800 million, she is the wealthiest African American of the 20th century.
Oprah Winfrey has been called the world's most powerful and influetial woman by CNN, Time, Life, USA Today, Entertainment Weekly, Ladies Home Journal, American Spectator and others. In 2010, Life magazine named Oprah Winfrey one of the 100 people who changed the world, along side such luminaries as Jesus Christ, Elvis Presley and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. She was the only living woman to make the list.
In 2005 Oprah Winfrey was named the greatest woman in American history as part of a public poll as part of The Greatest American. She was ranked #9 overall on the list of greatest Americans. The Wall Street Journal coined the term “Oprahfication”, meaning public confession as a form of therapy. The power of Oprah Winfrey's opinions and endorsement to influence public opinion, especially consumer purchasing choices, has been dubbed “The Oprah Effect”. The effect has been documented or alleged in book sales, beef markets and election voting. She endorsed presidential candidate Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election. This is the first time she publicly made such an endorsement. An analysis by two economists at the University of Maryland, College Park estimated that Oprah Winfrey's endorsement was responsible for between 423,123 and 1,596,995 votes for Obama in the Democratic primary alone, based on a sample of states that did not include Texas, Michigan, North Dakota, Kansas, or Alaska. The results suggest that in the sampled states, her endorsement was responsible for the difference in the popular vote between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.
In 1998, Oprah Winfrey created the Oprah's Angel Network, a charity that supported charitable projects and provided grants to nonprofit organizations around the world. Oprah's Angel Network raised more than $80,000,000. She personally covered all administrative costs associated with the charity, so 100% of all funds raised went to charity programs. The charity stopped accepting donations in May 2010 and was later dissolved. Her show raises money through promotion of her public charity and she personally donates more of her own money to charity than any other show-business celebrity in America. In 2005 she became the first black person listed by Business Week as one of America's 50 most generous philanthropists, having given an estimated $303 million. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, she created the Oprah Angel Network Katrina registry which raised more than $11 million for relief efforts. She personally gave $10 million to the cause. Homes were built in Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama before the one year anniversary of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. She has also helped 250 African-American men continue or complete their education at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. She was the recipient of the first Bob Hope Humanitarian Award at the 2002 Emmy Awards for services to television and film. To celebrate two decades on national TV, and to thank her employees for their hard work, she took her staff and their families (1065 people in total) on vacation to Hawaii in the summer of 2006. She invested $40 million and some of her time establishing the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls near Johannesburg, South Africa. The school opened in January 2007 with an enrollment of 152 pupils and features such amenities as a beauty salon and yoga studio. Nelson Mandela praised her for overcoming her own disadvantaged youth to become a benefactor for others and for investing in the future of South Africa. Winfrey teaches a class at the school via satellite.
Steven Paul Jobs (febrero 24, 1955 a octubre 5, 2011) nació en San Francisco y fue adoptado por Paul y Clara Jobs. Sus padres biológicos, Abdulfattah Jandali, un sirio estudiante musulmán de postgrado que más tarde se convirtió en un profesor de ciencias políticas, y Joanne Simpson, un estudiante norteamericano de posgrado que pasó a convertirse en un terapeuta del habla - más tarde se casó, dando a luz y criar a su hermana biológica, la novelista Mona Simpson. Asistió a Cupertino Junior High School y la Escuela Superior de Homestead en Cupertino, California, y frecuentado después de la escuela clases en la compañía Hewlett-Packard en Palo Alto, California. Fue contratado antes allí y trabajó junto a Steve Wozniak, como un empleado de verano.
En 1972, se graduó de la escuela secundaria y se inscribió en el Reed College en Portland, Oregon.A pesar de que se retiró después de sólo un semestre, siguió las clases de auditoría en el Reed.En el otoño de 1974, regresó a California y comenzó a asistir a las reuniones del Homebrew Computer Club con Wozniak.Él tomó un trabajo como técnico de Atari con la intención principal de ahorrar dinero para un retiro espiritual a la India.Después de su retiro a la India, se le dio la tarea de crear una tarjeta de circuitos para el juego Breakout.Atari ofreció $ 100 por cada chip que fue eliminado en la máquina.Steve Jobs, tenía poco interés o conocimiento en el diseño de placa de circuito e hizo un trato con Wozniak para dividir el bono en partes iguales entre ellos si Wozniak podría reducir al mínimo el número de fichas.Wozniak redujo el número de fichas por 50.
En 1976, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak y Ronald Wayne, con más fondos de un entonces semi-retirado de productos Intel, el gerente de marketing de CA y el ingeniero de "Mike" Markkula Jr., fundó Apple.A medida que Apple continúa su expansión, la compañía comenzó a buscar a un ejecutivo con experiencia para ayudar a controlar su expansión.
En 1978, Apple reclutó a Mike Scott de National Semiconductor para servir como consejero delegado.En 1983, Steve Jobs, atrajo a John Sculley, lejos de Pepsi-Cola para servir como consejero delegado de Apple.Al año siguiente, Apple salió al aire un comercial de televisión de Super Bowl, titulado "1984." El Macintosh se convirtió en el primer equipo pequeño éxito comercial con una interfaz gráfica de usuario.
Mientras, Steve Jobs, fue un director carismático y persuasivo para Apple, algunos de sus empleados de ese momento lo había descrito como un gestor de errático y temperamental.Una caída de toda la industria de ventas hacia finales de 1984 provocó un deterioro en la relación de trabajo de Steve Jobs con John Sculley, y al final de mayo de 1985 - después de una lucha interna de poder y un anuncio de despidos significativos - Sculley aliviado, Steve Jobs, de sus deberes como jefe de la división Macintosh.
Por la misma época, Steve Jobs fundó otra empresa de informática, NeXT Computer.Al igual que el Apple Lisa, la estación de trabajo NeXT fue avanzado tecnológicamente.Entre los que podían permitírselo, la estación de trabajo NeXT obtuvo un fuerte seguimiento, debido a sus capacidades técnicas, jefe entre ellos su sistema orientado a objetos de desarrollo de software.Se comercializan productos junto a los campos científicos y académicos, debido a las tecnologías innovadoras y experimentales que incorporan nuevas.Corrió siguiente con una obsesión por la perfección estética, como se evidencia por cosas tales como la carcasa de magnesio de NeXTcube.Esto puso una presión considerable en la división de hardware de NeXT, y en 1993, después de haber vendido sólo 50.000 máquinas, NeXT transición plenamente al desarrollo de software con el lanzamiento de NeXTSTEP / Intel.
En 1986, Steve Jobs compró The Graphics Group (más tarde llamado Pixar) desde el ordenador de Lucasfilm división de gráficos por el precio de $ 10 millones.La nueva compañía fue pensado inicialmente para ser un desarrollador de alta gama de hardware de gráficos.Después de años de falta de rentabilidad vendiendo la imagen por ordenador Pixar, que contrató a Disney para producir una serie de películas animadas por computadora, que Disney haría co-financiar y distribuir.La primera película producida por la asociación, Toy Story, llevó a la fama y la aclamación de la crítica al estudio cuando fue lanzado en 1995.Durante los próximos diez años o más, bajo creativo de Pixar director John Lasseter, la empresa produciría el éxitos de taquilla de Bichos, Toy Story 2, Monsters, Inc., Buscando a Nemo, Los Increíbles, Cars, Ratatouille, WALL-E, y Toy Story 3.Buscando a Nemo, Los Increíbles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, y hasta cada uno recibió el Oscar a la Mejor Película de Animación, un premio introducido en 2001.El 24 de enero de 2006, Steve Jobs anunció que Disney había acordado comprar Pixar en una transacción completamente en acciones por valor de $ 7,4 mil millones.Una vez cerrado el trato, Steve Jobs, se convirtió en el mayor accionista individual de The Walt Disney Company, con aproximadamente el 7% de las acciones de la compañía.Él se unió al consejo de la compañía de los directores sobre la terminación de la fusión.
En 1996, Apple anunció que compraría NeXT por $ 429 millones.El acuerdo fue concluido a finales de 1996, con lo que Steve Jobs a la compañía que él co-fundó.Pronto se convirtió en CEO interino de Apple después de que los directores de la pérdida de confianza y derrocó al entonces CEO Gil Amelio, en un golpe de estado sala de juntas.En marzo de 1998, para concentrar los esfuerzos de Apple en la recuperación de la rentabilidad, él terminará inmediatamente una serie de proyectos tales como Newton, Cyberdog, y OpenDoc.Él también cambió el programa de licencias para los clones de Macintosh, por lo que es demasiado costoso para los fabricantes de máquinas para seguir haciendo.Con la compra de NeXT, la mayor parte de la tecnología de la empresa encontró su camino en los productos de Apple, sobre todo NeXTSTEP, que se desarrolló en Mac OS X. Bajo su dirección la compañía ha incrementado sus ventas de manera significativa con la introducción de la iMac y otros nuevos productos.
En los últimos años, la empresa se ha diversificado, introduciendo y mejorando otros aparatos digitales.Con la introducción del reproductor de música portátil iPod, el software iTunes de música digital y la tienda iTunes Store, la compañía hizo incursiones en la electrónica de consumo y distribución de música.En 2007, Apple entró en el negocio de la telefonía celular con la introducción del iPhone, que también se incluyen las características de un iPod y, con su propio navegador móvil, que revolucionó el panorama de navegación móvil.Mientras que estimular la innovación, recuerda a sus empleados que la entrega de productos que trabajan a tiempo es tan importante como la innovación y el diseño atractivo.
A partir de octubre de 2009, Steve Jobs, propiedad de 5.426 millones de acciones de Apple, la mayoría de las que se concedió en el año 2003 cuando se le dio 10 millones de acciones.También era dueño de 138 millones de acciones de Disney, que recibió a cambio de la adquisición de Disney Pixar.Forbes estimó su fortuna neta de $ 5,1 mil millones en 2009, convirtiéndose en el más rico de América 43a.
Steve Jobs siempre ha aspirado a la posición de Apple y sus productos a la vanguardia de la industria de la tecnología de la información previendo y estableciendo tendencias, al menos en innovación y estilo.Su modelo de negocio es "The Beatles: Eran cuatro hombres que mantenían a sus respectivas tendencias negativas en jaque, sino que equilibrarse entre sí.Y el total fue mayor que la suma de las partes. "Las grandes cosas en los negocios no se hacen por una sola persona, que se llevan a cabo por un equipo de personas.
Steve Jobs, fue galardonado con la Medalla Nacional de Tecnología del presidente Ronald Reagan en 1985 con Steve Wozniak, y el Premio Jefferson por Servicio Público en la categoría de "Mejor Servicio Público por una persona de 35 años o menos".El 27 de noviembre de 2007, fue nombrado la persona más poderosa en los negocios por la revista Fortune.El 5 de diciembre de 2007, el gobernador de California Arnold Schwarzenegger y Maria Shriver le introdujo en el Salón de la Fama de California, que se encuentra en el Museo de California para la historia, las mujeres y las Artes.En agosto de 2009, fue elegido el empresario más admirado entre los adolescentes en una encuesta realizada por Junior Achievement.El 5 de noviembre de 2009, Jobs fue nombrado CEO de la década por la revista Fortune.En noviembre de 2009 Ofertas de trabajo ocupó el puesto número 57 en Forbes: las personas más poderosas del mundo.
William Henry “Bill” Gates III (born October 28, 1955) was born in Seattle, Washington. His father was a prominent lawyer, his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way, and her father, JW Maxwell, was a national bank president. At 13 he enrolled in the Lakeside School, an exclusive preparatory school. When he was in the 8th grade, the Mothers Club at the school used proceeds from Lakeside School's rummage sale to buy an ASR-33 teletype terminal and a block of computer time on a General Electric (GE) computer for the school's students. He took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine: tic-tac-toe that allowed users to play games against the computer. After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted, he and other students sought time on systems including DEC PDP minicomputers. One of these systems was a PDP-10 belonging to Computer Center Corporation (CCC), which banned 4 Lakeside students: Bill Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Kent Evans after it caught them exploiting bugs in the operating system to obtain free computer time. At the end of the ban, the 4 students offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for computer time. Rather than use the system via teletype, Bill Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code for various programs that ran on the system, including programs in FORTRAN, LISP and machine language. El acuerdo con la CCC continuó hasta 1970, cuando la empresa salió del negocio. The following year, Information Sciences, Inc. hired the 4 Lakeside students to write a payroll program in COBOL, providing them computer time and royalties. After his administrators became aware of his programming abilities, Bill Gates wrote the school's computer program to schedule students in classes. He modified the code so that he was placed in classes with mostly female students. At age 17, he formed a venture with Allen, called Traf-O-Data, to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor. In early 1973, Bill Gates served as a congressional page in the US House of Representatives.
Bill Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973. He did not have a specific study plan while a student at Harvard and spent a lot of time using the school's computers. He remained in contact with Paul Allen, joining him at Honeywell during the summer of 1974. The following year saw the release of the MITS Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080 CPU, and Bill Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company. He had talked this decision over with his parents, who were supportive of him after seeing how much he wanted to start a company. After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800, Bill Gates contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), the creators of the new microcomputer, to inform them that he and others were working on a BASIC interpreter for the platform. In reality, they did not have an Altair and had not written code for it. They just wanted to gauge MITS's interest. MITS president Ed Roberts agreed to meet them for a demo, and over the course of a few weeks they developed an Altair emulator that ran on a minicomputer, and then the BASIC interpreter. The demonstration, held at MITS's offices in Albuquerque, was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as Altair BASIC. Paul Allen was hired into MITS, and Bill Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with Allen at MITS in Albuquerque in November 1975. On November 26, 1976, the trade name “Microsoft” was registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico.
During Microsoft's early years, all employees had broad responsibility for the company's business. Bill Gates oversaw the business details, but continued to write code as well. In the first 5 years, he personally reviewed every line of code the company shipped, and often rewrote parts of it as he saw fit. In 1980, IBM approached Microsoft to write the BASIC interpreter for its upcoming personal computer, the IBM PC. When IBM's representatives mentioned that they needed an operating system, Gates referred them to Digital Research (DRI). IBM's discussions with Digital Research went poorly, and they did not reach a licensing agreement. A few weeks later Bill Gates proposed using 86-DOS (QDOS), an operating system similar to CP/M that Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products (SCP) had made for hardware similar to the PC. Microsoft made a deal with SCP to become the exclusive licensing agent, and later the full owner, of 86-DOS. After adapting the operating system for the PC, Microsoft delivered it to IBM as PC-DOS in exchange for a one-time fee of $50,000. Bill Gates did not offer to transfer the copyright on the operating system, because he believed that other hardware vendors would clone IBM's system. They did, and the sales of MS-DOS made Microsoft a major player in the industry. Bill Gates oversaw Microsoft's company restructuring on June 25, 1981, which re-incorporated the company in Washington state and made him President of Microsoft and the Chairman of the Board.
Microsoft launched its first retail version of Microsoft Windows on November 20, 1985. From Microsoft's founding in 1975 until 2006, Bill Gates had primary responsibility for the company's product strategy. He aggressively broadened the company's range of products, and wherever Microsoft achieved a dominant position he vigorously defended it. Many decisions that led to antitrust litigation over Microsoft's business practices have had his approval. Despite his denials, the judge ruled that Microsoft had committed monopolization and tying, and blocking competition, both in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Since leaving Microsoft, Bill Gates continues his philanthropy and, among other projects, purchased the videos rights to the Messenger Lectures series titled The Character of Physical Law, given at Cornell University by Richard Feynman in 1964 and recorded by the BBC. The videos are available online to the public at Microsoft's Project Tuva. In April 2010, Gates was invited to visit and speak at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he asked the students to take on the hard problems of the world in their futures. Bill Gates was number one on the “Forbes 400″ list from 1993 through to 2007 and number one on Forbes list of “The World's Richest People” from 1995 to 2007 and 2009. In 1999, his wealth briefly surpassed $101 billion, causing the media to call him a “centibillionaire”. Since 2000, the nominal value of his Microsoft holdings has declined due to a fall in Microsoft's stock price after the dot-com bubble burst and the multi-billion dollar donations he has made to his charitable foundations. He has several investments outside Microsoft, which in 2006 paid him a salary of $616,667, and $350,000 bonus totalling $966,667. He founded Corbis, a digital imaging company, in 1989. In 2004 he became a director of Berkshire Hathaway, the investment company headed by long-time friend Warren Buffett. He studied the work of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller and in 1994 sold some of his Microsoft stock to create the William H. Gates Foundation. In 2000, he and his wife combined three family foundations into one to create the charitable Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which is the largest transparently operated charitable foundation in the world. The foundation is set up to allow benefactors access to how its money is being spent, unlike other major charitable organizations such as the Wellcome Trust. The generosity and extensive philanthropy of David Rockefeller has been credited as a major influence. He and his father have met with Rockefeller several times and have modeled their giving in part on the Rockefeller family's philanthropic focus, namely those global problems that are ignored by governments and other organizations. As of 2007, Bill and Melinda Gates were the second most generous philanthropists in America, having given over $28 billion to charity.
Time magazine named Bill Gates one of the 100 people who most influenced the 20th century, as well as one of the 100 most influential people of 2004, 2005, and 2006. Time also collectively named Gates, his wife Melinda and U2′s lead singer Bono as the 2005 Persons of the Year for their humanitarian efforts. In 2006, he was voted 8th in the list of “Heroes of our time”. In 1994, he was honoured as the 20th Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society. He received honorary doctorates from Nyenrode Business Universiteit, Breukelen, The Netherlands, in 2000; the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, in 2002; Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, in 2005; Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in April 2007; Harvard University in June 2007; the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, in January 2008, and Cambridge University in June 2009. He was also made an honorary trustee of Peking University in 2007. He was also made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005, in addition to having entomologists name the Bill Gates flower fly, Eristalis gatesi, in his honor. In November 2006, he and his wife were awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle for their philanthropic work around the world in the areas of health and education, particularly in Mexico. In October 2009, it was announced that Gates will be awarded the 2010 Bower Award for Business Leadership of The Franklin Institute for his achievements in business and for his philanthropic work. In 2010 he was honored with the Silver Buffalo Award by the Boy Scouts of America, its highest award for adults, for his service to youth.
Lawrence “Larry” Page (born March 26, 1973) was born in East Lansing, Michigan. Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (Russian: Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин; born August 21, 1973) was born in Moscow, Russia. Larry Page's father was a professor of computer science at Michigan State University and an early pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence. He eventually entered the University of Michigan, where he earned an undergraduate degree in engineering with a concentration in computer engineering. An innovative thinker with a sense of humor, he once built a working ink-jet printer out of Lego blocks. He was eager to advance in his career, and decided to study for a Ph.D degree. He was admitted to the doctoral program in computer science at Stanford University. On an introductory weekend at the Palo Alto campus that had been arranged for new students, he met Sergey Brin. A native of Moscow, Russia, Sergey Brin was also the son of a professor, and came to the United States with his family when he was 6. His father taught math at the University of Maryland, and it was from that school's College Park campus that Sergey Brin earned an undergraduate degree in computer science and math.
Larry Page and Sergey Brin created an algorithm, or set of step-by-step instructions for solving a specific computer task. Their algorithm searched all the hypertext documents in cyberspace. A typical search engine such as Hot Bot, which was popular at one time in the mid-1990′s, worked by looking for a term the user entered. If a certain phrase was written into a web site several dozen or even a hundred times, that document would come up first in the search results. But it might just turn out to be an Internet store that sold memorabilia.
They wanted to create a search tool that would find the most relevant Web page first. If someone typed in “New York Yankees,” for example, the official Yankees site would be the first result returned. Their algorithm analyzed the “back links” in a hypertext document, or how many times other sites linked to it — the more links, the higher the relevancy of the page. As an article in Time explained, their search technology was the first to “treat the Internet as a democracy. Google interprets connections between websites as votes. The most linked-to sites win on the Google usefulness ballot and rise to the top of the search results.” The search engine with their unique algorithm was initially named “Backrub,” but they later settled on “PageRank,” named after Larry Page. It soon caught on with other Stanford users when they let them try it out. The two set up a simple search page for users, because they did not have a web page developer to create anything very impressive. They also began stringing together the necessary computing power to handle searches by multiple users, by using any computer part they could find. As their search engine grew in popularity among Stanford users, it needed more and more servers to process the queries.
During this time they were running the project out of their dorm rooms at Stanford. Larry Page's room served as the data hub, while Sergey Brin's was the business office. They had the idea to license their PageRank technology to other companies to pay off their debts, but none were interested. David Filo (1966–), another Stanford graduate who had started Yahoo.com, suggested they form a search-engine company. They named their company “Google,” after the mathematical term Googol, which specified the number one followed by a hundred zeros. They took it to Andy Bechtolsheim (1956–), a Stanford graduate and co-founder of Sun Microsystems. He liked their idea and wrote them a check for $100,000. They went on to raise more money from friends, family, and then from venture capital firms that funded new businesses. By the end of 1999 they had set up headquarters in an office park in Mountain View, and had officially launched the site.
In their first years in business, Brin served as president, while Page was the chief executive officer. The company continued to grow exponentially during 2001. They hired Eric Schmidt as chief executive officer and board chair in 2001. Schmidt was a veteran of Sun Microsystems, where he had served as chief technology officer.
Google kept expanding. It added search capabilities in dozens of languages, and began partnering with overseas sites as well. Its headquarters were informally known as the “Googleplex,” and workers were relatively free to make their own hours, with the idea that employees should be able to work when they felt they were most productive. Google staff were also encouraged to use 80% of their work hours on regular work, and the other 20% on projects of their own design.
By early 2004 Google was one of the most-visited Web sites in the world. Its servers handled some 138,000 search queries per minute, or about 200,000,000 daily. Analysts believed it was taking in approximately $1 billion in revenues annually, and the company announced plans to become a publicly traded company with an initial public offering (IPO) of stock. Theirs, however, would utilize a unique online auction process to sell its first shares to the public. This meant that the large Wall Street firms that handled the IPO underwriting would not be able to give the first shares out to their top clients as a perk. It was estimated that Google was going to be valued at least at $15 billion, and possibly even as high as $30 billion. Larry Page and Sergey Brin each own 38 million shares of Google stock. They would become overnight millionaires when Google began trading on the NASDAQ in 2004.
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (May 14, 1984 – ) was born in White Plains, New York to Karen, a psychiatrist, and Edward, a dentist. He started programming when he was in middle school. His father taught him Atari BASIC Programming in the 1990′s, and then software developer David Newman was hired as his tutor in about 1995. He also took a graduate course in the subject at Mercy College near his home in the mid-1990′s. He developed computer programs, especially communication tools and games. He also designed and programmed a computer application system to help the workers in his father's office communicate. At Ardsley High School he had excelled in the classics before in his junior year transferring to Phillips Exeter Academy, where he won prizes in science and Classical studies (in which he was fluent in French, Hebrew, Latin and ancient Greek). While in high school, under the company name Intelligent Media Group, he built a music player named the Synapse Media Player that used artificial intelligence to learn the user's listening habits, which was posted to Slashdot and received a rating of 3 out of 5 from PC Magazine. Microsoft and AOL tried to purchase Synapse and recruit Mark Zuckerberg, but he instead went to Harvard College in September 2002 where he studied computer science and psychology and joined Alpha Epsilon Pi. At a fraternity party during his sophomore year, Zuckerberg met Priscilla Chan, who subsequently became his girlfriend. As of September 2010, he was studying Mandarin with a tutor in preparation for the couple's slated visit to China and possibly to help in setting up operations in China, since Facebook, like Twitter, is blocked by that country's internet firewall.
Mark Zuckerberg launched Facebook from his Harvard dormitory room on February 4, 2004. Facebook started off as just a “Harvard thing” until he decided to spread it to other schools, enlisting the help of roommate Dustin Moskovitz. They first started it at Stanford, Dartmouth, Columbia, New York University, Cornell, Brown and Yale, and then at other schools that had social contacts with Harvard. He moved to Palo Alto, California, with Moskovitz and some friends. They leased a small house that served as an office. Over the summer, he met Peter Thiel who invested in the company. They got their first office in mid-2004. They had turned down offers by major corporations to buy out Facebook. On July 21, 2010, Mark Zuckerberg reported that the company reached the 500 million-user mark.
A month after Facebook launched in February 2004, i2hub, another campus-only service, created by Wayne Chang, was launched. i2hub focused on peer-to-peer file sharing. At the time, both i2hub and Facebook were gaining the attention of the press and growing rapidly in users and publicity. In August 2004, Mark Zuckerberg, Andrew McCollum, Adam D'Angelo, and Sean Parker launched a competing peer-to-peer file sharing service called Wirehog. It was a precursor to Facebook Platform applications. Traction was low compared to i2hub, and Facebook ultimately shut Wirehog down the following summer. On May 24, 2007, Mark Zuckerberg announced Facebook Platform, a development platform for programmers to create social applications within Facebook. Within weeks, many applications had been built and some already had millions of users. It grew to more than 800,000 developers around the world building applications for Facebook Platform. On July 23, 2008, he announced Facebook Connect, a version of Facebook Platform for users. On November 6, 2007, he announced a new social advertising system called Beacon, which enabled people to share information with their Facebook friends based on their browsing activities on other sites. The program came under scrutiny because of privacy concerns from groups and individual users. Zuckerberg and Facebook failed to respond to the concerns quickly, and on December 5, 2007, Zuckerberg wrote a blog post on Facebook taking responsibility for the concerns about Beacon and offering an easier way for users to opt out of the service.
In June 2010, Deputy Attorney General Muhammad Azhar Sidiqque of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan launched a criminal investigation into Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook co-founders Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes after a “Draw Muhammad” contest was hosted on Facebook. The investigation also named the anonymous German woman who created the contest. Sidiqque asked the country's police to contact Interpol to have Mark Zuckerberg and the 3 others arrested for blasphemy. On May 19, 2010, Facebook's website was temporarily blocked in Pakistan until Facebook removed the contest from its website at the end of May. Sidiqque also asked its United Nations representative to raise the issue with the United Nations General Assembly. No formal charges have been filed against Mark Zuckerberg.
Vanity Fair magazine named Mark Zuckerberg number 1 on its 2010 list of the Top 100 “most influential people of the Information Age”. He ranked number 23 on the Vanity Fair 100 list in 2009. In 2010, he was chosen as number 16 in New Statesman's annual survey of the world's 50 most influential figures.
Characteristics of Successful People – Warren Buffet
As of March 2010, Warren Buffet was worth approximately $47 billion. This makes him the third wealthiest man in the world. In this video, he talks about characteristics of successful people. He makes it clear that It is not who you know, or even what you know. It is about how you behave.
Characteristics of Successful People – Randy E. King
Randy E. King spent much of his adult life working as a professional businessman within a very conservative community. Randy King, for 14 years was the top sales leader, and division/national manager with the US Chamber of Commerce: the largest business organization in the world. After leaving the US Chamber of Commerce, Randy founded his own successful business consulting companies on increasing productivity and greatly decreasing turnover. Randy has throughout his career been the keynote speaker for many Fortune 500 companies on selection, retention, and productivity. And is asked frequently to speak around the country at many chamber events, associations, business groups and non-profit organizations. He has been on hundreds of talk radio shows nationwide. He is the successful author of 5 business strategy development books and 4 audio CD's. Here are his secrets to success.
Remember the 3 C's: Character, Communication, Commitment to Excellence
Character – It is doing the right thing even when no one else is watching. In order to be successful, you have to be Trustworthy, Respectful, Caring, Honest and Full of Integrity . People do not want to be around people they do not trust.
Effective Communication – It is the ability to verbally present thoughts and ideas to others in a way that Creates Understanding, Clarity and a Positive Outcome . It is not enough to tell people what to do. It is about encouraging people through words to behave in a certain manner. If you want someone to buy something from you, you want them to want to buy that item because they see value in owning that item. And because of your integrity and character, you are not going to sell something that will break in 2 days.
Commitment to Excellence – There are actually two different ideas wrapped into one. First, commitment is related to Persistence, Perseverance, Hard Work and Dedication . One must put in the effort necessary to improve one's skills and abilities. It is not enough to think about doing something. One must do 1 or 2 things over and over and over again until he/she learns how to be great at it. Albert Einstein said, “Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.” In the case of commitment, it is more related to developing a skill. You run, lift weights and eat right until you become great at running. Second, excellence is related to Dream Big, Clear Vision, Innovation, Becoming an Expert in a Field and Strong Leadership . Man has been on the Moon. Man has flown faster than the speed of sound. We can communicate with a person in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia all at the same time. Did we accomplish these things by hoping and wishing? Por supuesto que no. It was a visionary who said it could be done, an effective communicator who said it should be done, an engineer who said this is how it is done and a great leader to make it happen. Commitment to excellence states that through hard work and clear vision, we can accomplish great things.
In this video, Randy King talks about these characteristics of successful people: Hard Work, Dream Big, Commitment to Excellence, Communication, Character, Expert in a Field, Innovate/Improve, Coachability and Positive Mental Attitude.
Top Characteristics of Successful People – List Form
Pasión Propósito Creativo Integridad Iniciativa Carácter Dream Big Trabajo duro Innovador Persistence Clear Vision Independiente Self-Confident Have a Mentor Curiosidad Expert in a Field Strong Leadership High Energy Level Tolerance for Failure Calculated Risk Taker Problem Solving Skills Goal Oriented Behavior Positive Mental Attitude Effective Communication Commitment to Excellence Strong Management and Organizational Skills
Top 10 Most Patriotic Speeches in American History
If a person wants to be an effective communicator and great leader for positive change, one must first understand what these ideas mean. In order to achieve, one must study, observe and learn from achievers.
Patriotism can be defined as “Love of and Devotion to One's Country.” An effective speech is “The Act of Describing Thoughts, Feelings and Perceptions in Words.” Characteristics of a great leader include: High Energy Level, Goal Oriented Behavior, Self-Confidence, Creativity, Clear Vision, Commitment to Excellence, Strong Integrity, Being an Agent of Change and Being a Positive Role Model.
One who delivers a great patriotic speech will have a love a country, a clear vision of what he/she wants to accomplish and the ability to lead and motivate others to follow him/her in order to achieve this vision.
In order to be on this list of great American patriotic speeches, the speech needs to:
Be Memorable and Quotable Contain a Clear Vision of the Future Contain Clear Objective Goals Achieve The Goals Laid Out in the Speech Be Delivered in a Strong Effective Manner Create a Lasting Positive Change in America
These Top 10 Patriotic Speeches in American History have lifted hearts in dark times, gave hope in despair, refined the characters of men, inspired brave feats, gave courage to the weary, honored the dead and, most importantly, changed the course of history.
“Sir, to form an Administration of this scale and complexity is a serious undertaking in itself, but it must be remembered that we are in the preliminary stage of one of the greatest battles in history, that we are in action at many points in Norway and in Holland, that we have to be prepared in the Mediterranean, that the air battle is continuous and that many preparations have to be made here at home.”
The only reason Winston Churchill did not make the Top 10 list is because he was not an American. He has a well deserved place here because of his foresight, conviction, clarity of thought and leadership. He was preparing for war against Adolf Hitler and Germany long before people even saw the Axis Powers as a threat. And after his successful leadership through World War 2 in charge of the British Empire, he again strongly voiced concern about Joseph Stalin and the rise of the Soviet Union. Lack of action from the rest of the world brought forth the Cold War.
Honorable Mentioned #2: Theodore Roosevelt – The Right of the People to Rule
“The great fundamental issue now before the Republican party and before our people can be stated briefly. It is: Are the American people fit to govern themselves, to rule themselves, to control themselves? I believe they are.”
Teddy Roosevelt was a great orator. He gave style, class and charisma to his many speeches. I placed him on the honorable mentioned list for this reason. Where he falls short is quotability and a tendency for being verbose (using a lot of words).
Honorable Mentioned #1: John F Kennedy – Inauguration Address
“And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.”
John F Kennedy just became the youngest President in history in a close contest against Vice President Richard Nixon. He desired to communicate and gather support for the agenda he envisioned for the country, an agenda of government involvement which would be decidedly different than that of outgoing President Eisenhower's.
It is a great speech with a clear vision. It did not make the Top 10 list because its lasting impact was not as great as the others that made the Top 10 list.
“Yours is the profession of arms, the will to win, the sure knowledge that in war there is no substitute for victory; that if you lose, the nation will be destroyed; that the very obsession of your public service must be: Duty, Honor, Country.”
Although this was addressed to Military cadets at West Point, his poignant speech about Duty, Honor, Country lays a road map of thought and behavior, that, when followed in both military and personal life, will bring about victory and success. His speech rhythm is slow, but steady. He truly believes in America and its values. He shows a true love and patriotism for the people of the United States of America.
#9: Franklin Delano Roosevelt – First Inaugural Address
“This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great Nation will endure, as it has endured, will revive and will prosper.”
FDR was trying to pull the country out of the Great Depression. He needed to lead and inspire. And he did so with this effective speech.
#8: Ronald Reagan – Farewell Address to the Nation
“As long as we remember our first principles and believe in ourselves, the future will always be ours. And something else we learned: Once you begin a great movement, there's no telling where it will end. We meant to change a nation, and instead, we changed a world.”
This was a speech that was thought out, thorough, contemplative, delivered well and encouraged Americans to continue the good fight. Many of his thoughts and ideas reverberate through a large group of people to this day.
#7: George Washington – Farewell Address – December 23, 1783
“Citizens, by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has a right to concentrate your affections. The name of american, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of Patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local discriminations.”
George Washington, along with a handful of other men, such as John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played an integral part in the formation of the United States of America. In his last act as a statesman, he stepped down after serving 8 years as President of the United States. This created the tradition that a President is a servant of the Nation and should not serve more than 8 years. It was not until the 22nd Amendment in 1951 that this became law. Even then, there is only 1 President who served more than 8 years (Franklin Delano Roosevelt). It was because of his almost 4-term Presidency that the 22nd Amendment was written.
#6: Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate – Ronald Reagan – June 12, 1987
"El señorGorbachev, open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev — Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”
With strong leadership and conviction, President Ronald Reagan was an integral part in ending the Cold War with the Soviet Union. With military build up, strong economic growth and the goal to end the stalemate with the Soviet Union, Reagan stood strong at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany, and stated to the world for Mikhail Gorbachev, the leader of the Soviet Union, to tear down the wall separating East Berlin from West Berlin. On November 10, 1989, the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union was on its way to extinction.
#5: Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death – Patrick Henry – March 23, 1775
“Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace– but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!”
Patrick Henry made a passionate speech full of clarity and conviction to the Virginia governing body just after the Boston Tea Party and before the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Also, the future second President of the United States – Thomas Jefferson – was in the audience. As a result, Virginia voted to join the other colonies to fight for independence. And Virginia played a major role in the American Revolution. The American colonies won and the United States of America was born.
#4: The Decision to Go to the Moon – John F. Kennedy – May 25, 1961
“We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.”
In the middle of the Cold War against the Soviet Union, JFK makes an ambitious goal to send men to the Moon in less than 9 years. As most great leaders know, a great vision, clear goals and strong leadership can generate amazing results. Although the Soviet Union had some early successes over the United States, it was the USA that eventually sent the first men to the Moon. As a result, JFK greatly sped up research and development in technology. These competitive advances led to many tools that gave the United States significant military advantages and helped to usher in the Information Age.
#3: Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation – Franklin Delano Roosevelt – December 8, 1941
“Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”
FDR placed clear and undeniable blame on Japan for the attack on Pearl Harbor. He laid out his arguments for war, and at the end of the speech asked Congress to declare war on Japan. He was able to get what he asked for and was able to wage war against the Axis powers. Eventually, with strong leadership from Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Douglas MacArthur, Dwight D Eisenhower, Winston Churchill and others, the Allies eventually won World War 2.
#2: Gettysburg Address – Abraham Lincoln – November 19, 1863
“It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
Abraham Lincoln took on the responsibility to preserve the Union during the American Civil War. The Battle of Gettysburg was one of the deadliest battles of the war. It also marked the turning point in which the North began its long road to eventual victory over the South. He wanted to make sure that these lives that were sacrificed were not in vain. When the North won the Civil War, slavery became abolished within the entire United States of America.
#1: Dr Martin Luther King Jr – I Have a Dream – August 23, 1963
“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”
In the middle of the Cold War, violent actions related to the Civil Rights Movement, and general civil unrest, Dr Martin Luther King Jr calmly walks to the podium amongst a crowd of over 100,000 people to announce to the world that African Americans in the United States of America now have equal protection under the law and are truly free from bondage and slavery. He hoped and prayed for peaceful demonstrations and fought against violence. He lost his life as a result of his public actions, but was willing to pay the ultimate sacrifice to proclaim his convictions to the world.
The 13 speeches listed above portray many important concepts: patriotism, conviction, effective public speaking, strong leadership and great vision. If you study and truly understand how and why these public figures said what they said and when they said it, you will begin to understand what American patriotism, effective communication and leadership are all about. And these three concepts will lead you to a very successful and fulfilled life.
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American Pride, United States History Personal Study Guide, America Youth, American Patriotism, Patriotic America, How to Be Successful in the USA, Success Stories in America, American Patriotic Book, What is BEST for America?, Is Anybody Listening?, Duplicitous, Randy E King
"La historia nos puede mostrar que lo que hacemos o no quieren ir." 
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"El que no sabe nada está más cerca de la verdad que aquel cuya mente está llena de falsedades y errores". 
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Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the tenth son of soap maker. His father intended for Benjamin Franklin to enter into the clergy. However, Josiah Franklin could not afford it. Young Benjamin Franklin loved to read. He became an apprentice to his brother James, who was a printer. He would help compose pamphlets, set type and sell their products in the streets. 
Andrew Carnegie (25 noviembre 1835 hasta 11 agosto 1919) nació en Dunfermline, Fife, Escocia. A pesar de que tenían poca educación formal, su familia creyeron en la importancia de los libros y el aprendizaje. His father was a handloom weaver. A los 13 años, Andrew Carnegie, llegó a Estados Unidos con su familia y se estableció en Allegheny, Pensilvania. Soon after, he went to work in a factory, earning $1.20 a week. Al año siguiente, él encontró un trabajo como mensajero del telégrafo. En 1851 se convirtió en un operador de telégrafo, y en 1853, él tomó un trabajo con el ferrocarril de Pennsylvania. He worked as the assistant and telegraph operator to Thomas Scott, one of the railroad's top executives. Él 
John Pierpont "JP" Morgan (17 abril 1837 a 31 marzo 1913) nació y se crió en Hartford, Connecticut. En el otoño de 1848, se trasladó a Hartford Public School y luego a la Episcopal Academy, en Cheshire, Connecticut. En septiembre de 1851, Morgan pasó el examen de admisión para la Escuela de Inglés de alta de Boston, una escuela especializada en matemáticas para preparar a los jóvenes para las carreras de comercio. En la primavera de 1852, se enfermó con la fiebre reumática. Él fue enviado por su padre a las Azores para recuperarse. Después de casi un año, regresó a la Escuela de Inglés de alta en Boston para continuar sus estudios. Después de su graduación, fue enviado a Bellerive cerca de Vevey, Suiza. Cuando él hizo fluido en 
John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was born in Richford, New York. Su padre era dueño de la propiedad agrícola y comercio de muchos bienes, incluyendo los medicamentos de madera y de patentes. His mother was very strict. En 1953 la familia se mudó a Cleveland, Ohio. He graduated from high school there and excelled in mathematics. Después de graduarse asistió a una escuela de comercio durante tres meses, tras lo cual encontró su primer trabajo en la edad de 16 años como vendedor de productos. En 1859, comenzó su primera empresa comercial, Clark y Rockefeller, con un joven inglés. El primer año que ganó en total $ 450.000. Clark hizo el trabajo de campo, mientras que John D. Rockefeller 
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was born to middle-class parents in Milan, Ohio. In 1854, his family moved to Port Huron, Michigan. At an early age, Thomas Edison was hyperactive and difficult to control in school. So he was home-schooled by his mother, who was the daughter of a respected Presbyterian minister. Thomas Edison enjoyed reading and reciting poetry. At 11, his parents introduced him to the local library and he began to research many topics and ideas. At 12, he began to asks questions of his parents, especially those related to Science and Mathematics, that they could not answer. So they hired a tutor 
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) grew up on a prosperous family farm in what is now Dearborn, Michigan. He had a typical rural 19th Century childhood spending days in a one-room school and doing farm chores. At an early age, he showed an interest in mechanics and engineering. At 16, he left home for Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist for the next 3 years. During the next few years, Henry Ford divided his time between operating & repairing steam engines, working in a Detroit factory, over-hauling his father's farm machinery and working reluctantly on the farm. Upon his marriage to Clara Bryant in 1888, Henry Ford supported his 
Pierre Samuel duPont (January 15, 1870 – April 4, 1954) was born in Wilmington, Delaware. Él era el tatara-tatara-nieto de Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, un economista francés elegido para la Asamblea Constituyente. Hijo Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, quien emigró a Estados Unidos con su abuelo a escapar de la Revolución Francesa, fundó la compañía DuPont en 1802. Frustrados por la mala calidad del polvo de color negro hecho en América, y familiarizarse con el proceso de decisiones en polvo, se le ocurrió la idea de hacer pólvora. Su padre estuvo de acuerdo para financiar la empresa. Thomas Jefferson apoyó la idea y sugirió que la familia se estableció en Virginia, pero Eleuthère Irénée du Pont se sentía incómodo con la institución de la esclavitud 
Alfred Pritchard Sloan, Jr. (May 23, 1875 – February 17, 1966) was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He studied electrical engineering and graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1895. He became president and owner of Hyatt Roller Bearing, a company that made roller and ball bearings, in 1899. At the beginning of the 20th century, Ford Motor Company bought bearings from Hyatt Roller Bearing. In 1916 his company merged with United Motors Company which eventually became part of General Motors Corporation. He became Vice-President, then President (1923), and finally Chairman of the Board (1937) of General Motors 
Walter Elias “Walt” Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was born in Chicago, Illinois. In 1906, when Walt Disney was 4, his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri. While in Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing. One of their neighbors, a retired doctor named “Doc” Sherwood, paid him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse. He also developed his love for trains in Marceline, which owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through town. The Disneys remained in Marceline 
Raymond Albert "Ray" Kroc (5 octubre 1902 hasta 14 enero 1984) nació en Oak Park, Illinois, hijo de padres relativamente pobres. Fue a las escuelas públicas en Oak Park, Illinois, un suburbio de Chicago, pero no se graduó. Él era como conductor de ambulancias durante la Primera Guerra Mundial Después de la guerra, se convirtió en un pianista de jazz. Tras su matrimonio en 1922 se fue a trabajar para la Compañía de la Copa Lily-Tulip, pero pronto abandonó para convertirse en director musical de una de las estaciones de Chicago, pionero de la radio, WGES. Allí tocaba el piano, arregló la música, los cantantes y los músicos acompañaron a sueldo. Más tarde, la especulación del suelo siguiente en la Florida, empezó a vender bienes raíces en Fort Lauderdale. Cuando el boom se derrumbó en 1926, era tan pobre que tuvo que tocar el piano en un club nocturno de enviar a su esposa y su hija de vuelta a Chicago en tren. Más tarde los siguieron en su ruinoso modelo T de Ford. 
Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was born near Houston, Texas. There is some argument as to the exact date and location of his birth. His parents were Allene Stone Gano (a descendant of Owen Tudor, second husband of Catherine of Valois, Dowager Queen of England) and Howard R. Hughes, Sr., who patented the two-cone roller bit, which allowed rotary drilling for petroleum in previously inaccessible places. Howard R. Hughes, Sr. made the decision to commercialize the invention, founding the Hughes Tool Company in 1909, in which be became quite successful. 
Samuel Moore "Sam" Walton (29 marzo 1918-5 abril 1992) nació en Kingfisher, Oklahoma. Como un niño, Sam Walton, se trasladó con su familia a Missouri, donde se convirtió en un Eagle Scout a los 13 años, dirigente estudiantil, y el mariscal de campo estrella del baloncesto en un equipo estatal campeonato de fútbol en la Escuela de Hickman en Columbia, Missouri. Se graduó de la Universidad de Missouri en Columbia en 1940 con una Licenciatura en Economía. Durante la 2 ª Guerra Mundial, sirvió como capitán en el Ejército de los EE.UU. Cuerpo de Inteligencia. Mientras que en el ejército, se casó con Helen Robson de Claremore, Oklahoma, en el Día de San Valentín, 14 de febrero de 1943. Con los años, que tuvo 4 hijos: Rob, Jim, John y Alice. 
Mary Kay Ash (May 12, 1918 – November 22, 2001) was born Mary Kathlyn Wagner in Hot Wells, Texas. Her mother, who had studied to be a nurse, worked long hours managing a restaurant. When Mary Kay was two or three, her father was ill with tuberculosis. As a result, it was her responsibility to clean, cook, and care for her father while her mother was at work. She excelled in school, but her family could not afford to send her to college. She married at age seventeen and eventually had three children. 
George Walton Lucas, Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American film producer, screenwriter and director. He is best known for being the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones movie franchises. George Lucas was born in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy and George Lucas, Sr. (1913–1991), who owned a stationery store. 
Oprah Winfrey (born Orpah Gail Winfrey on January 29, 1954) was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi to unmarried teenage parents. Her mother, Vernita Lee was a housemaid. She believed that her biological father was Vernon Winfrey, a coal miner turned barber turned city councilman who had been in the Armed Forces when she was born. She had her DNA tested. The genetic test determined that her maternal line originated among the Kpelle ethnic group, in the area that today is Liberia. Her genetic make up was determined to be 89% Sub-Saharan African. After her birth, her mother moved and she spent her first 6 years living in rural poverty with her grandmother. Her grandmother taught her to read before the age of 3 and took her to the local church. At 6, she moved to an inner-city neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin with her mother. Oprah Winfrey has stated that she was molested by her cousin, her uncle and a family friend, starting when she was 9 years old. When she was 14, she became pregnant, her son dying shortly after birth. Her mother sent her to live with Vernon Winfrey in Nashville, Tennessee. Vernon was strict, but encouraging and made her education a priority. Oprah Winfrey became an honors student, was voted Most Popular Girl, joined her high school speech team at East Nashville High School, placing second in the nation in dramatic interpretation. She won an oratory contest, which secured her a full scholarship to Tennessee State University where she studied communication. Her first job as a teenager was working at a local grocery store. At age 17, she won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant. She got the attention of the local black radio station, WVOL, which hired her to do the news part-time. She worked there during her senior year of high school, and again while in her first two years of college. 
Steven Paul Jobs (febrero 24, 1955 a octubre 5, 2011) nació en San Francisco y fue adoptado por Paul y Clara Jobs. Sus padres biológicos, Abdulfattah Jandali, un sirio estudiante musulmán de postgrado que más tarde se convirtió en un profesor de ciencias políticas, y Joanne Simpson, un estudiante norteamericano de posgrado que pasó a convertirse en un terapeuta del habla - más tarde se casó, dando a luz y criar a su hermana biológica, la novelista Mona Simpson. Asistió a Cupertino Junior High School y la Escuela Superior de Homestead en Cupertino, California, y frecuentado después de la escuela clases en la compañía Hewlett-Packard en Palo Alto, California. Fue contratado antes allí y trabajó junto a Steve Wozniak, como un empleado de verano. 
William Henry “Bill” Gates III (born October 28, 1955) was born in Seattle, Washington. His father was a prominent lawyer, his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way, and her father, JW Maxwell, was a national bank president. At 13 he enrolled in the Lakeside School, an exclusive preparatory school. When he was in the 8th grade, the Mothers Club at the school used proceeds from Lakeside School's rummage sale to buy an ASR-33 teletype terminal and a block of computer time on a General Electric (GE) computer for the school's students. He took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine: tic-tac-toe that allowed users to play games against the computer. After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted, he and other students sought time on systems including DEC PDP minicomputers. One of these systems was a PDP-10 belonging to Computer Center Corporation (CCC), which banned 4 Lakeside students: Bill Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Kent Evans after it caught them exploiting bugs in the operating system to obtain free computer time. At the end of the ban, the 4 students offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for computer time. Rather than use the system via teletype, Bill Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code for various programs that ran on the system, including programs in FORTRAN, LISP and machine language. El acuerdo con la CCC continuó hasta 1970, cuando la empresa salió del negocio. The following year, Information Sciences, Inc. hired the 4 Lakeside students to write a payroll program in COBOL, providing them computer time and royalties. After his administrators became aware of his programming abilities, Bill Gates wrote the school's computer program to schedule students in classes. He modified the code so that he was placed in classes with mostly female students. At age 17, he formed a venture with Allen, called Traf-O-Data, to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor. In early 1973, Bill Gates served as a congressional page in the US House of Representatives. 
Lawrence “Larry” Page (born March 26, 1973) was born in East Lansing, Michigan. Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (Russian: Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин; born August 21, 1973) was born in Moscow, Russia. Larry Page's father was a professor of computer science at Michigan State University and an early pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence. He eventually entered the University of Michigan, where he earned an undergraduate degree in engineering with a concentration in computer engineering. An innovative thinker with a sense of humor, he once built a working ink-jet printer out of Lego blocks. He was eager to advance in his career, and decided to study for a Ph.D degree. He was admitted to the doctoral program in computer science at Stanford University. On an introductory weekend at the Palo Alto campus that had been arranged for new students, he met Sergey Brin. A native of Moscow, Russia, Sergey Brin was also the son of a professor, and came to the United States with his family when he was 6. His father taught math at the University of Maryland, and it was from that school's College Park campus that Sergey Brin earned an undergraduate degree in computer science and math. 
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (May 14, 1984 – ) was born in White Plains, New York to Karen, a psychiatrist, and Edward, a dentist. He started programming when he was in middle school. His father taught him Atari BASIC Programming in the 1990′s, and then software developer David Newman was hired as his tutor in about 1995. He also took a graduate course in the subject at Mercy College near his home in the mid-1990′s. He developed computer programs, especially communication tools and games. He also designed and programmed a computer application system to help the workers in his father's office communicate. At Ardsley High School he had excelled in the classics before in his junior year transferring to Phillips Exeter Academy, where he won prizes in science and Classical studies (in which he was fluent in French, Hebrew, Latin and ancient Greek). While in high school, under the company name Intelligent Media Group, he built a music player named the Synapse Media Player that used artificial intelligence to learn the user's listening habits, which was posted to Slashdot and received a rating of 3 out of 5 from PC Magazine. Microsoft and AOL tried to purchase Synapse and recruit Mark Zuckerberg, but he instead went to Harvard College in September 2002 where he studied computer science and psychology and joined Alpha Epsilon Pi. At a fraternity party during his sophomore year, Zuckerberg met Priscilla Chan, who subsequently became his girlfriend. As of September 2010, he was studying Mandarin with a tutor in preparation for the couple's slated visit to China and possibly to help in setting up operations in China, since Facebook, like Twitter, is blocked by that country's internet firewall. 
