그것은 당신이 미국에서 태어난 경우 성공되는 방향으로가는 90 %라고 말씀 하셨는데되었습니다. 미국은 자유 민주주의와 성장과 성공을 육성 노력과 교육의 문화를 통해서 수도의 기회를 제공합니다. 지난 20 년간 가장 위대한 마음과 부유한 사람들의 일부는 출생 및 / 또는 미국 살았다고했습니다. 이러한 위대한 미국인들이 일을하고 살았 방법을 게재하면 그것이 미국에서 성공적으로되기 위해서 필요한 것들에 큰 자극하다를 제공합니다.
이 목록에 추가는 다음과 같은 기준에 따라되었습니다 - 미국에서 그 / 그녀의 성인 생활의 대부분을 지출한 - 만든 상당한 재산 (상속 재산이 인정되지 않습니다) - 표시된 행동 특성은 다음에 설명된 성공한 사람 상위 특성 - 업계뿐 아니라 혁명을, 또한 미국 문화를 변화
벤자민 프랭클린 (1706년 1월 17일에서 1790년 4월 17일까지)는 매사 추세 츠주 보스턴에서 태어났습니다. 그는 비누 제조업 자의 열 번째 아들이었다. 그의 아버지는 성직자로 입력 벤자민 프랭클린위한 것입니다. 그러나 요시아 프랭클린은 그것을 감당할 수 없었다. 젊은 벤자민 프랭클린 읽는 사랑 했어요. 그는 프린터 그의 동생 제임스에 도제가되었다. 그는, 팜플렛을 작성하는 데 도움이 유형을 설정하고 거리에서 그들의 제품을 판매하는 것입니다.
벤자민 프랭클린은 15 살 때 그의 동생이 뉴 잉글랜드 Courant를 시작했습니다. 제임스 신문 기사, 의견 조각, 광고, 선박 스케줄의 뉴스를 실었다. 벤자민 프랭클린은 시작되었다
밤에 편지를 작성하고 가상의 과부, 조언을했고 그녀의 주위에 세계의 매우 중요한였다 사일런스 두굿의의 이름으로 그들을 체결, 특히 여성 대하 방법의 문제에 관한.아무도 조각을 쓰고있는 사람을 알지도 있으므로 그 밤에 프린트 가게 문 아래 편지를 몰래 것이다.그들은 스매시 히트 있었고, 모두가 진짜가 누군지 알고 싶어 "사일런스 두굿의."
1723 년 벤자민 프랭클린은 뉴욕으로 이동 보스턴에서 그의 집을 나갔다.그는 도제 프린터로 작업을 찾은 곳 작품을 찾을 수 없습니다, 그는 결국 필라델피아에 도착했다.그는 젊은 벤자민 프랭클린은 인쇄 장비를 구입하기 위해 런던으로 이동면 펜실베니아 주지사는 자신을 위해 사업을 일으켜 설정 약속한 진짜 잘했어.그는 런던에 가서 못했지만, 주지사는 자신의 약속과 벤자민 프랭클린은 인쇄 작업을하고 영국에서 몇 개월을 보내고 강제되었다 보관하지 않았습니다.필라델피아로 복귀 후, 그는 가게를 실행하는 데 도움을했지만, 곧 프린터의 헬퍼으로 돌아 갔다.그는 결국 돈을 좀 빌렸습니다 및 인쇄 사업에 자신을 설정합니다.벤자민 프랭클린은 모든 시간을 일했습니다.곧 그는 정부의 작업을 할 수있는 계약을 받고 시작했고 잘하고 시작했습니다.인쇄 가게를 운영 이외에, 벤자민 프랭클린과 그의 아내도 비누부터 패브릭까지 모든 것을 판매하는 자신의 가게를하고 있었는데 그는 또한 서점 조사 했어요.
1729 년 벤자민 프랭클린은 펜실베이니아 공보를 샀다.그는 종이를 인쇄하고 자주 별칭 아래 종이에 기사를 공헌했습니다.그의 신문은 곧 식민지에서 가장 성공적인되었습니다.기타 최초 가운데이 신문은, 최초의 정치 만화를 인쇄합니다.동안은 1720s와 1730s, 그는 비밀 결사, 자기와 시민 개선에 헌신하고 맥슨 입사 젊은 실무 사람의 그룹을 구성했습니다.1733 년에 그는 가난한 리처드의 Almanack 게시를 시작했다.시대의 Almanacs은 매년 인쇄 및 기상 보고서, 요리법, 예측 및 homilies 같은 것을 포함했다.프랭클린 리처드 손더스, 그의 아내를 돌봐 돈이 필요 가난한 사람이라는 사람의 탈을 쓰고 아래에 자신의 달력을 발간했습니다.어떤 다른 사람으로부터 자신의 달력을 구별은 그의 지혜와 창의력했다.등 많은 유명한 문구, 가난한 리처드의 Almanack에서 온 "저장된 페니 페니가 적립."1730 년대 1740 년대와 1750 년대, 그는 깔다 청소 가벼운 필라델피아의 거리와 환경을 정리하는 프로젝트를 시작 도왔습니다.존재 오늘날 모든 중 - 그는 도서관 회사, 미국 철학 협회와 펜실베니아 병원을 시작 도왔습니다.그는 필라델피아의 연방 소방 회사 조직 및 화재에 의한 손실 보험 필라델피아 기여를 설립
벤자민 프랭클린의 인쇄 사업이 1730s와 1740s에 번성했다.그는 다른 도시에 프랜차이즈 인쇄 파트너쉽을 설정하는 시작했다.1749까지 그는 사업에서 은퇴하고 과학 실험 및 발명에 집중 시작했다.그는 열 효율 난로 (프랭클린 스토브), 수영 지느러미, 유리 하모니카와 촛점을 발명했습니다.그는 또한 전기와 번개의 효과를 공부했습니다.
1757 년에 그는 식민지를 대표한다 사람 위에 펜은 가문의 자손과의 싸움에서 펜실베니아을 나타내기 위해 영국으로 갔다.그는 펜실베니아뿐만 아니라 식민지 시대 대표로, 1775로 영국에 남아 있지만, 조지아, 뉴저지와 매사 추세츠뿐만 아니라 중.1765 년, 그는 우표 법에 대한 미국의 압도적인 반대에 의해 기습에 의해 체포되었다.국회 전에 그의 증언은 율법을 폐지하기 위해 구성원을 설득 도왔습니다.그는 미국이 영국의 무료하다 할 수 있는지 궁금 시작했다.그는 영국에서 많은 친구가있어도 벤자민 프랭클린은, 부패의 피곤 그는 정치와 왕실에서 빙빙 모든 주위 보았다.연합 식민지에 대한 계획을 제안했던 그는, 지금은 진지하게 그 목표를 향해 작업을 시작합니다.그는 제 2 차 대륙 회의에 선출 및 드래프트 독립 선언을 도왔 5위원회에 근무했습니다.1776 년에 그는 독립 선언서에 서명하고 루이 16 세는의 법원에 대사로 프랑스로 항해.때문에 벤자민 프랭클린의 인기의 일환으로 프랑스 정부는 1778 년 미국과 동맹의 조약에 서명했습니다.그는 또한 안전한 대출을 도왔들이 옳은 일을한다고 프랑스를 설득.그는 미국인들이 혁명을 수상했다 이후 1783 년 파리 조약에 서명을 손에있었습니다.
벤자민 프랭클린은 미국에 반환하고 펜실베니아 집행위원회의 의장이되었다.그는 헌법 협약 대의원을 역임하고 헌법에 서명했습니다.그의 마지막 공공 행위 중 하나는 1789 년에 반 노예의 논문을 작성했다.그는 84 세의 나이에 죽었다.2만명는 장례식에 참석.
앤드류 카네기 (1835년 11월 25일부터 1919년 8월 11일까지)이 Dunfermline, 파이프, 스코틀랜드에서 태어났습니다. 그는 약간의 정규 교육을 가지고 있지만, 그의 가족은 도서와 학습의 중요성을 믿었다. 그의 아버지는 handloom 직조했습니다. 13 살이면, 앤드류 카네기는 그의 가족과 함께 미국에 와서 Allegheny, 펜실베니아에 정착. 얼마 후, 그는 $ 1.20 주당 수입, 공장에서 일하고 갔다. 내년 그는 전신 메신저와 같은 직업을 발견. 1851 년에 그는 전신 오퍼레이터되었고, 1853 년에, 그는 펜실베이니아 철도와 함께 일을했다. 그는 토머스 스콧, 철도의 최고 경영진 중 하나 조교 및 전신 오퍼레이터로 근무했습니다. 그
철도 산업 및 비즈니스에 대한 이러한 경험을 통해 많은 것을 배웠습니다.삼년 후, 앤드류 카네기는 교육감으로 승진했습니다.
철도를 위해 일하는 동안, 앤드류 카네기, 특히 몇몇 현명한 투자, 석유에 해당했다.1865 년, 그는 키스톤 교량 회사를 포함한 기타 비즈니스 이익을 추구하기 위해 펜실베니아 철도를 떠났어.다음 10함으로써, 대부분의 시간을 자신이 철강 산업에 전념했다.카네기 철강 회사로 알려진 된 그의 사업은, 미국의 철강 생산에 혁명.그는보다 빠르고 생산 기술과 쉽게 제조 강철을 만든 방법을 사용하여 나라 주변 산업 공장을 건립했습니다.프로세스의 모든 단계의 경우, 그가 필요한 것을 소유 : 원자재, 선박, 철도를 철강 용광로 연료로 상품 및 석탄 분야를 호송을 위해.이 소유권 전략가 앤드류 카네기는 철강 산업과 상당히 부유한 사람의 지배적인 힘이되고 도움이되었습니다.1,889함으로써, 카네기 철강 회사는 세계에서 이러한 종류의 가장 큰했습니다.
1901 년, 앤드류 카네기는 전설적인 금융 JP 모건에 의해 시작, 미국 철강 주식 회사에 2억달러의 이익을 위해 자신의 사업을 팔았어요.65, 카네기는 그의 일 다른 사람들을 돕는 나머지를 지출하기로 결정했습니다.앤드류 카네기는 그의 삶의 많은에 대한 열렬한 독자였다.그는 뉴욕 공공 도서관에 약 5 백만 달러를 기증 피츠버그에있는 기술의 카네기 연구소 (일명 카네기 멜론 대학교)를 설립, 교육의 발전을위한 카네기 재단을 만들고 국제 평화를위한 카네기 자질을 형성.2800 도서관보다 더 그의 지원으로 열린다고 밝혔다 그것이다.
그의 사업과 자선 이익 외에, 그는 마크 트웨인과 시어도어 루즈벨트들의 친구 였어요.그는 여러 책과 수많은 기사를 썼다.앤드류 카네기는 Lenox, 매사 추세츠에 폐렴으로 죽었습니다.그의 사망 당시 500,000,000달러 추산 재산으로 그는 자선 단체, 조직과 그 신념을하는 기관에 3억5천만달러를 떠난
존 피어 폰트 "JP"모건 (1837년 4월 17일에서 1913년 3월 31일까지)는 하트 포드, 코네티컷에서 태어나 자랐어요. 1848 년 가을에, 그는 하트 포드 공립 학교에 그리고 익살, 코네티컷에있는 감독의 아카데미로 전학 왔어. 1851년 9월에서 모건은 보스턴의 영어 고등학교, 상업의 경력을 위해 젊은이를 준비하는 수학 전문 학교의 입학 시험을 통과시켰습니다. 1852 년 봄, 그는 류마티스 열병에 병이되었다. 그는 복구하는 아조 레스는 그의 아버지를 보냈습니다. 거의 일년 후, 그는 자신의 연구를 재개하기 위해 보스턴에서 영어 고등학교에 돌아왔습니다. 졸업 후, 그는 브베, 스위스 근처 벨히브하도록 보냈습니다. 그는 유창되었을 때
JP 모건은 그의 아버지의 런던 지사에서 1857 년에 은행에 갔다.1858 년, 그는 던컨, 셔먼 & 회사의 금융 관에서 근무 뉴욕으로 옮겼습니다.1860부터 1864까지, J. 피어 폰트 모건 & 컴퍼니로서, 그는 아버지의 회사를 위해 뉴욕에 첩자로 행동했다.1864년부터 1872년까지에서, 그는 Dabney, 모건과 회사의 회사의 일원이었다.1871 년, 그는 Drexel, 모건 & 컴퍼니의 뉴욕 사무소를 형성하기 위해 필라델피아 Drexels와 제휴.안토니 J. Drexel은 그의 아버지의 요청이 스승이되었다.미국 남북 전쟁의 초기 동안 JP 모건은 미국에 대한 구매 및 소총의 업그레이 드를 재정.그는 연합 전쟁 노력의 자금으로 근무하면서 대용품을 위해 300 달러를 지불하여 병역을 피했다.
1893 년에 안소니 Drexel의 죽음 후, 회사는 "JP 모건 & 컴퍼니를."rechristened되었다 그는 필라델피아 Drexel & 컴퍼니, 모건, 파리와 런던의 JS 모건 & 컴퍼니의 Harjes & 회사들과 긴밀한 관계를 유지.약 15 년 후 그는 체이스 맨하탄 은행을 만들었습니다.전원 JP 모건의 상승은 떠들썩한했습니다.그는 1869 년 알바니와 Susquehanna 철도의 제어를 얻게되었습니다.그는 제이 쿡의 정부 재정 권한을 부러 곧 미국의 모든 부분에서 reorganizations와 통합하여 철도 제국을 개발하고 자금 문제에 연루되었다.1885 년에 그는 뉴욕, 웨스트 쇼어 & 버펄로 철도를 개편.1886 년, 그는 필라델피아 & 독서 철도를 개편하고 1888 년 체사피크 & 오하이오 철도.그는 무겁게 철도 업계의 거물 제임스 제이 힐과 그레이트 노던 철도와 관련되었다.의회가 1887 년에 고속도로 상공 법안을 통과 후, 모건은 산업이 새로운 법률을 따라 협약을 작성 돕기 위하여 철도 대통령을 모아 1889과 1890 년에 회의를 설정합니다.회의는 최초 였고 경쟁 라인 중에서 관심있는 커뮤니티를 만들어 20 세기 초반의 위대한 통합을위한 방법을 용이하게했다.
JP 모건은 수익성에 반환하기 위해 사업 구조와 관리를 개편.은행 및 금융 등 그의 명성은 또한 투자자로부터 그가 맡았 사업에 관심을 가지고있었습니다.1896 년 채터누가 타임스를 소유 아돌프 사이먼 Ochs, JP 모건에서 담보 융자는 재정적으로 어려움을 겪고 뉴욕 타임즈를 구입할 수 있습니다.그것은 뉴스 수집에 투자, 쓰기 및보고의 최고 품질을 주장, 가격을 삭감하여 미국 저널리즘의 표준이되었습니다.
1893의 공황 동안 연방 재무부는 거의 밖으로 황금했습니다.대통령 그로버 클리블랜드 $ 100 백만 보물 흑자를 복원 채권 문제를 떠하는 황금 6천5백만달러와 미국 재무부를 제공하기 위해 월스트리트의 민간 조직을 만드는 데 JP 모건을위한 준비.
1,900함으로써, JP 모건은 세계에서 가장 강력한 은행 집들 중 하나를 제어.그는 1900 년에 찰스 M. Schwab와 앤드류 카네기와 회담을 시작했다.목표는 카네기의 철강 사업을 사서 미국 철강 주식 회사를 만드는 여러 가지 다른 철강, 석탄, 광산 및 운송 회사로 병합하는 것이었습니다.1901 년 미국 철강은 1,400,000,000달러의 공인 대소문자와 세계 최초 억 달러의 회사였다.미국 철강은 규모의 큰 경제를 달성 운송 및 자원 비용을 절감, 제품 라인을 확장하고 배포를 향상시키는 목적.또한 미국은 영국과 독일과 함께 세계적으로 경쟁할 수 있도록 계획되었다.미국 철강의 크기는 기업이 멀리 해외 시장을 추구할 수 있도록 찰스 M. Schwab과 다른 사람들에 의해 주장되었다.미국 철강은 철강 사업뿐만 아니라, 교량, 선박, 철도 차량과 레일, 와이어, 손톱 및 기타 제품의 호스트의 건설뿐만 아니라 지배하려고 시도하는 때, 비평가에 의해 독점으로 간주되었다.미국 철강을 통해 JP 모건는 철강 시장의 3 분의 2를 점령했고 찰스 M. Schwab는이 회사가 곧 75 % 시장 점유율을 보유 것이라고 확신했습니다.그러나, 1901 이후 기업의 시장 점유율은 떨어졌다.찰스 M. Schwab은 두 번째로 큰 미국의 프로듀서가 된 베들레헴 스틸을 형성하기 위해 1903 년에 미국 철강에서 사임했다.
미국 철강 찰스 M. Schwab이 주도가 아닌 노조와 숙련된 철강 생산은, 문제가 제조 업체를 파악하고 근절하기 위해 공격적인 전술로 그렇게 유지하고 싶었어요.합병을 조직했던 변호사와 은행가가 특히 JP 모건과 CEO Elbert 게리는 장기 수익, 안정성, 좋은 홍보 및 피하면서 문제가있는 것을 더 걱정했다.은행가 '보기의 경우 일반적으로 승리 하는군요, 그리고 그 결과는 사업을 선호 노동 정책이었다.미국 철강은 늦은 1930 년대까지 노조되지 않았습니다.
1907의 공황 거의 미국 경제를 불구로 금융 위기였다.주요 뉴욕 은행은 파산 직전에 있었고, JP 모건은 밟은하고 위기를 해결 담당했다 때까지 그들을 구조해 어떤 메커니즘이 없었습니다.재무 장관 조지 B. Cortelyou이 위기를 관리하기 위해 연방 자금 3 천 5 백만 달러를 earmarked 있지만 그것을 사용해야할지 모르겠 습니다만 없었다.JP 모건은 은행, 신용 담보 더욱 국제적인 라인과 건강한 기업의 구입 낙하 주식 사이에 돈을 리디렉션된 은행이 신뢰하는 임원들로 구성된 팀을 구성했습니다.섬세한 정치 문제는 테네시 석탄, 철, 철도 회사의 주식에 참여했습니다 무어와 Schley의 증권 회사에 관한 나타났다.무어와 Schley는 월가 은행 간의 대출에 대한 테네시 석탄과 철 이상의 6,000,000달러 (TCI) 주식을 맹세했다.은행 대출라고했고 회사는 낼 수 없었다.무어와 Schley 실패한다면, 수백명도 실패는 월가가 무너져 버릴 수있는 다음 수행 및 것입니다.JP 모건들은 무어와 Schley를 저장해야만 결정했다.TCI는 미국 철강의 주요 경쟁사 중 하나 그것은 가치있는 철과 석탄 예금을 소유.JP 모건 제어 미국 철강 그는 그것이 무어와 Schley에서 TCI 주식을 사야 했죠 결정했다.판사 게리, 미국 철강의 머리는 동의하지만, 철강 산업에 이미 지배적이었다 미국 철강에 대한 문제를 일으킬 수 반독점 의미가 될 것입니다.JP 모건이 인수에 대한 법적 면책을 약속 대통령 시어도어 루스벨트를보고 판사 개리을 보냈습니다.미국 철강은 TCI 주식과 무어를 위해 3 천만 달러를 지불하고 Schley이 저장되었습니다.발표는 즉각적인 효과를했습니다.1907년 11월 7일으로 공포 끝났습니다.다신 이런 일 절대 탈출을 하였다 의원 넬슨 올드 리치가 이끄는 금융과 정치 지도자는 1913 년에 연방 준비 제도가 된 계획을 고안했습니다.
1890-1913에서 42 주요 기업이 조직되었습니다 또는 유가 증권은 포함하여, JP 모건과 회사의 전체 또는 일부 보험사되었습니다 제너럴 일렉트릭 (주), 국제 상업 마린, Atchison, 토피카 & Sante 철 철도, 노던 퍼시픽 철도 시스템 , 펜실베니아 철도 및 철도 읽기.
JP 모건은 RMS 타이타닉의 처녀 항해에 여행을 예정하지만, 마지막 순간에 취소되었습니다.화이트 스타 라인, 타이타닉의 운영자는 JP 모건의 국제 상업 마린 회사의 일부 였고 그 배에서 자신의 개인 스위트와 산책 갑판을 가지고하는 것이었다.로마, 이탈리아에서 여행하는 동안 그는 죽었다.그는 책, 그림, 시계 및 기타 예술 개체, 많은 대여 또는 예술의 메트로 폴리탄 미술관 (중 그는 대통령과 그 설립의 주요 강제 였음)에게 주어, 많은 그의 런던 집 안에 보관되어과 주목할 수집가였다 그의 개인 도서관 인치그는 미국 자연사 박물관의 후원자였다, 예술, 그로 튼 스쿨, 하버드 대학교, 트리니티 칼리지의 메트로 폴리탄 박물관 산과의 뉴욕과 뉴욕 무역 학교시 병원.
JP 모건은 보석의 미국에서 가장 중요한 수집가 중 하나였습니다과 미국 티파니 앤 컴퍼니에서 가장 중요한 보석 수집가 최고 Gemologist 조지 프레데릭 Kunz 아래 그의 첫 컬렉션을 조립 조립했다.컬렉션은 1889 년 파리 세계 박람회에서 전시되었다.전시는 두 황금 상을 수상하였으며 중요한 학자, lapidaries 및 일반 대중의 관심을 끌었다.morganite : 1911 년 Kunz는 그의 가장 큰 고객 후 새로 발견된 보석의 이름을 지정했습니다.
JP 모건, 주니어는 아버지의 죽음에서 사업을 인수하지만, 같은 영향력이 없었어.JP 모건 앤 컴퍼니, 나중에 모건 담보 신탁되었고, 모건 스탠리, 투자 주택, 그리고 런던의 모건 Grenfell, 해외 증권 하우스로 1933 유리 Steagall 법에 의해 요구되는 "모건의 하우스 '를 세 주체가 된 .
존 데이비슨 록펠러 (1839년 7월 8일에서 1937년 5월 23일까지)는 Richford, 뉴욕에서 태어났습니다. 그의 아버지는 농장 재산을 소유하고 목재 및 특허 의약품 등 많은 제품, 바꿨습니다. 그의 어머니는 매우 엄격했습니다. 1953 년 가족 클리블랜드, 오하이오로 이사. 그는 거기에 고등학교를 졸업하고 수학이 뛰어납니다. 졸업 후 그는 특산물 직원 등 16 살 나이에 첫 직장을 찾은 이후 세 달 동안 상업 대학에 참석. 1859 년, 그는 젊은 영국인과 함께 자신의 첫 무역 회사, 클락과 록펠러를 시작했다. 첫 해에 그들은 45만달러를 싫어할. 클락이 현장을 한 동안 존 D 록펠러
존 D 록펠러는 조직과 방법에 천재를 보여주었다.회사는 남북 전쟁 동안 번영.펜실베니아 오일 파업 (1859)와 클리블랜드에 철도의 건물로, 그들은 필드의 기술적 지식을 가지고 새뮤얼 앤드루스와 함께 석유 정제로 아웃 측쇄.2 년 이내에 존 D 록펠러는 선임 파트너가되었다, 클락은 팔렸네, 그리고 회사 록펠러와 앤드류스는 클리블랜드 최대의 정유 공장이되었습니다.
또한 유리한 철도화물 리베이트를 확보 SV Harkness와 HM Flagler에서 재정적인 도움으로, 존 D 록펠러는 석유 산업의 쓰라린 경쟁에서 살아남았어요.존 D 록펠러, 그의 동생 윌리엄, Flagler, Harkness 및 앤드루스에 의해 1870 년에 오하이오주에서 시작 스탠다드 석유 회사, 1백만달러의 가치를했고 일년 후 40 % 수익을 냈어요.스탠다드 오일은 미국의 정제의 10 분의 1을 지배하는 동안 경쟁 남아.
록펠러는 여전히 석유 산업을 통제하는 기대.그는 뉴욕, 피츠버그와 필라델피아에서 클리블랜드 정제뿐만 아니라 다른 사람의 대부분을 샀다.그는 철도 탱크 차와 파이프라인을 포함하여, 새로운 운송 방법으로 향했다.1879까지 그는 미국 석유의 90 %를 수정되었고, 표준 자체 탱크 차량 함대, 선박, 도킹 시설, 배럴 제작 공장, 창고 및 창고를 사용했습니다.
자신의 컨트롤이 거의 독점 다가 오면서 펜실베니아 철도는 1877 년에, 존 D. 록펠러의 컨트롤을 끊어 내기 위해 정제 회사를 만들었습니다.그러나 철도 파업은 그들이 일반 오일에 항복하도록 강요.1,883함으로써 파이프라인 산업의 통제를 수상한 후, 표준의 독점은 절정에했습니다.존 D. 록펠러는 1882 년 미국 최초의 위대한 "신뢰"를 만들었습니다.법률이 다른의 주식 중 하나가 기업의 소유권을 거부하기 때문에 줄곧 1872 이후 스탠다드는 "수탁자"로 Flagler으로 오하이오 밖의 이익을 배치했다.외부 기업이 독립적으로 남아있는 동안 모든 수익은 오하이오 회사에 갔다.스탠다드 오일 트러스트는 40 기업의 주식을 받고 답례로 다양한 주주 신뢰 인증서를 주었다.신뢰는 세계에서 가장 크고 부유한 산업 조직 만들기에 대한 70,000,000달러 달러 상당했다.
1880 년대에, 존 D. 록펠러의 사업은 변화하기 시작했다.그는 원유 생산을 옮겨서 열어 새로운 분야로 서쪽으로 자신의 우물을 옮겼습니다.표준은 또한 유럽, 아시아 및 라틴 아메리카에서 외국 시장을 입력했습니다.1885에서 경영위원회 제도는 일반 오일의 거대한 제국을 제어하기 위해 개발되었습니다.
스탠다드 오일에 대한 공개 반대가되었다.존 D 록펠러는 불공정 경쟁에 의해 작은 기업 깔린 철도 리베이트, 가격 담합과 뇌물에 대해 비판했다.스탠다드 오일은 1888 년 뉴욕주 상원 의해 미국 하원에 의해 조사되었다.2 년 후 오하이오주 대법원은 표준의 원래 신탁 계약을 무효.존 D. 록펠러가 공식적으로 조직을 해산하고 1899 표준에서 "지주 회사"(그는 1897 액티브 컨트롤에서 은퇴 오랜 후에이 합병은 1911 년 미국 대법원에 의해 해산되었다)와 같은 새로운 형태 하에서 합법적으로 재현되었다.
1893 년에, 그는 미네소타 Mesabi 철광석 범위를 개발할 수있었습니다.1,896함으로써 자신의 연결 철 광산은 광석 보트의 위대한 함대를 소유하고 사실상 오대호 전달을 제어.그는 이제 철강 산업을 제어할 수있는 능력이 생긴다.그는 1896 년에 앤드류 카네기와 제휴했다.존 D. 록펠러는 제강을 입력하지 않기로 합의했다와 카네기 교통 만지지하지 않기로 합의했다.1901 년에 그는 앤드류 카네기와 JP 모건, 미국 철강 만든 새로운 합병 자신의 광석 소장을 판매했다.그해에 재산 2 억 달러을 통과시켰습니다.
존 D. 록펠러가 지속 자선 단체에 자신의 수입의 10 %를 포기 했어.그의 기부금은 그의 재산과 성장, 그리고 그는 또한 자선 원인으로 시간과 에너지를 주었다.그는 시카고 대학, 뉴욕에서 의학 연구의 록펠러 연구소 (지금의 록펠러 대학교), 일반 교육위원회 및 록펠러 재단을 만들었습니다.존 D. 록펠러의 일생 자선의 총 약 550,000,000달러로 추산되었습니다.
존 D. 록펠러의 개인 생활은 상당히 간단했습니다.그는 그의 작품을 위해 살았던 몇 가지 열정이있는 사람이었고, 그의 위대한 재능 큰 단일 mindedness과 집중으로 공부하는 순서에 대한 그의 조직 천재와 드라이브였다.그의 삶 전체가 비즈니스 및 가족에 의해 흡수, 그리고 나중에이주는 조직되었다.그는 특별한 성공과 연소 비전과 질서, 효율성과 계획을 만들었습니다.
토마스 알바 에디슨 (1847년 2월 11일부터 1931년 10월 18일까지)는 밀라노, 오하이오에서 중산층 부모에게 태어났다. 1854 년에, 그의 가족은 항구 Huron, 미시간으로 옮겼습니다. 어린 나이에, 토마스 에디슨은 학교에서 통제하는 활동적인 그리고 어려웠다. 그래서 그는 존경받는 장로교 목사의 딸이었다 그의 어머니에 의해 가정 교육이었다. 토마스 에디슨은 시를 읽고 낭송 즐겼다. 11시, 그의 부모는 지역 도서관에 그를 소개하고 그는 많은 주제와 아이디어를 연구하기 시작했다. 12 그는 그들이 대답할 수없는, 특히 그의 부모, 과학 및 수학에 관련된 사람들의 질문을하기 시작했다. 그래서 그들은 가정 교사를 고용
그들의 아들과 같은 뉴턴 물리학 같은 더 복잡한 주제를 이해하는 데 도움이 있습니다.뉴턴의 물리 법칙의 단순한 아름다움은 그에게 분명히 사고, 객관적인 시험 및 실험 자신만의 스타일을 선명하게 도왔습니다.그는 또한 인내, 노력과 정신 및 신체 체력의 강한 감각을 개발했다.그는 또한 지방 철도에 신문, 간식, 사탕을 판매를 했어.그는 또한 과일과 야채를 파는 쪽 사업을 시작했다.
그리고 14, 링컨 - 더글라스 토론의 시간 동안, 그는 보도 자료를 자신의 접근을 착취하고 자신의 신문에 그들을 발간했습니다.그는 빠르게 그의 신문을 구독하는 300여 통근을 enticed.이 유형의 집합이 될 최초의 출판, 인쇄 및 기차에 판매했습니다.급성장에서, 그의 출판 벤처 그에게 하루 이상 $ 10 netted.그는이 돈을 tooks 그가 지하실에서 설정하는 화학 실험실에 투자.그가 전통적인 교육 환경에서 배울 것은 불가능했다.그가 그의 통제 불능이었다 확신했습니다이든 적응, 그는 대체 방법을 통해 보상에 자신을 커밋하여 반응.결국, 그는 자신의 왼쪽 귀에 완전히 귀머거리가되었고, 결국 오른쪽 귀의 약 80 % 귀머거리.
그가 모스 부호와 전신기 가르쳐했을 때 그의 인생에서 가장 중요한 사건 중 하나가 발생했습니다.15 일까지, 그가 모스 부호와 전신의 기초를 마스터했고 남북 전쟁에 봉사하러 갔다 전신 운영 업체의 수천 중 하나에 대한 대체로서 직업을 획득하였습니다.16 세 때, 전신 사무소 다양한 운동 후에 그는 결국 그의 첫 번째 발명품을 만들 었지.소위 "자동 중계기,"그것은 사람들이 쉽고 정확하게 자신의 속도와 편리한 시간에 코드를 번역할 수 있도록 무인 역 사이의 전신 신호를 전송.
1868 년, 그의 어머니는 정신 이상의 징후를 표시하기 시작했다, 그의 아버지는 직장을 그만두고 지역 은행이 집안에 모든것을 잃게하고 왔어요.토마스 에디슨은 자신의 운명을 만들기 위해 밖으로 설정합니다.그는 보스턴에서 상대적으로 권위있는 웨스턴 유니온 회사와 전신 기사로서 영구적인 일자리를 적용.후기 일 동안 '텔레그래프의 시대, "토마스 에디슨은 12 시간 6 일간 웨스턴 유니온을위한 일주일 일했습니다.한편, 그는 자신의 프로젝트 작업을 계속하고, 6 개월 이내에 신청했던 그의 최초의 특허를 받았다 - 전기 투표 녹화 기계.매사 추세츠 의회는 그의 발명품에 관심이 아니었어요.그가 이번에 의해 실망을 받았지만, 그는 그의 생각이 아무도 그것을 구매할 의향이 없었다는 것이 너무 앞서 자사의 시간이었다 깨달았다.
보스턴에있는 동안, 그는 보스턴 테크 (이 기술의 매사 추세츠 공과 대학되었다)과 전신 기술과 관련된 새로운 개념으로 강의에 노출되었다.또한 보스턴에 살고 있다고 알렉산더 그레이엄 벨, 또한 새로운 통신 기술을 인식했습니다.원칙은 궁극적으로 최초 articulating 전화의 발명, 최초의 팩스 머신, 첫 번째 마이크와 기타 통신 관련 발명을 이끌었 논의했다.
나중에 그는 뉴욕시로 이사.돈도없고, 차 한 잔달라고 애원 것에, 그는 뉴욕의 금융 지구에있는 지사들 중 일부를 걸었다.현지 중개 회사의 관리자가 겁이 나서, 토마스 에디슨은 그의 사무실에서 주식 시세 그냥 세분화했다고 판단 것을 관찰.그는 기회를 파악.그는 며칠 동안 건물의 지하실에서 자고 있었다 때문에 - 그리고 주변에 기웃 상당한하고 - 이미 장치가 뭘해야하는지 짐작이가는 정말 좋은 생각했다.그는 아래로 도달하고 있었던 돌아 느슨한 스프링을 조작.장치는 완벽하게 실행하기 시작했다.사무실 매니저는 그가 한달에 $ 300.00의 급여에 대한 회사의 이러한 모든 수리를 만들기 위해 토마스 에디슨을 고용 있도록 넋을 잃었죠.이것은 두 번 뉴욕시에서 최고 전기 기술자에겐가는 속도했습니다.그의 자유 시간 동안, 그는 이제 곧 법인이 주식 시세에 그의 모든 권리를위한 4 만불이 지급 전보, quadruplex 송신기, 주식 시세 등으로 그의 작품을 재개.
나이 29에, 그는 궁극적으로 실용적인 사용을위한 충분한 알렉산더 그레이엄 벨의 "articulating"전화를 가청 만든 탄소 송신기, 대한 작업을 시작했습니다.에디슨은 1876 년 뉴저지 멘로 파크에 자신의 연구소를 이동 직후, 그는 발명 - 1877 년에 - 최초의 축음기합니다.1879 년에 그는 첫번째 상업적으로 실용적인 백열 전기 전구를 발명했습니다.In 1883 and 1884, he introduced the world's first economically viable system of centrally generating and distributing electric light, heat and power. In 1887, Thomas Edison was recognized for having set up the world's first full fledged research and development center in West Orange, New Jersey. This operation was the largest scientific testing laboratory in the world. In 1890, he developed the first Vitascope, which would lead to the first silent motion pictures. In 1892, Edison General Electric Co. had merged with another firm to become General Electric Corporation, in which he was a major stockholder. At the turn-of-the-century, Thomas Edison invented the first practical dictaphone, mimeograph and storage battery. After creating the “kinetiscope” and the first silent film in 1904, he went on to introduce “The Great Train Robbery” in 1903, which was a ten minute clip that was his first attempt to blend audio with silent moving images to produce “talking pictures.” When World War I began, he was asked by the US Government to create defensive devices for submarines and ships. During this time, he also perfected a number of important inventions relating to the enhanced use of rubber, concrete and ethanol. By 83, he held 1093 patents.
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) grew up on a prosperous family farm in what is now Dearborn, Michigan. He had a typical rural 19th Century childhood spending days in a one-room school and doing farm chores. At an early age, he showed an interest in mechanics and engineering. At 16, he left home for Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist for the next 3 years. During the next few years, Henry Ford divided his time between operating & repairing steam engines, working in a Detroit factory, over-hauling his father's farm machinery and working reluctantly on the farm. Upon his marriage to Clara Bryant in 1888, Henry Ford supported his
family by operating a sawmill. In 1891, he became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit. His promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893 gave him enough time and money to devote attention to his personal engineering experiments on internal combustion engines. In 1896 he developed a self-propelled Quadricycle.
After two unsuccessful attempts to establish an automobile manufacturing company, the Ford Motor Company was incorporated in 1903 with Henry Ford as Vice President and Chief Engineer. In the early years of car production, it produced only a few cars a day. Groups of two or three men worked on each car with made to order components. Henry Ford introduced the Model T in 1908. This vehicle initiated a new era in personal transportation. It was inexpensive and easy to operate. It immediately becoming a huge success. By 1913, Henry Ford combined precision manufacturing, standardized and interchangeable parts, a division of labor and a continuous moving assembly line. Workers remained in place, adding one component to each automobile as it moved past them on the line. The moving assembly line revolutionized automobile production by significantly reducing assembly time per vehicle, thus lowering production costs. By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's.
During the late 1910′s and early 1920′s, Ford Motor Company constructed the world's largest industrial complex along the banks of the Rouge River in Dearborn, Michigan. It included all the elements needed for automobile production: a steel mill, glass factory and automobile assembly line. Iron ore and coal were brought in on Great Lakes steamers and by railroad. Rolling mills, forges and assembly shops transformed the steel into springs, axles and car bodies. Foundries converted iron into engine blocks and cylinder heads that were assembled with other components into engines.
Pierre Samuel duPont (January 15, 1870 – April 4, 1954) was born in Wilmington, Delaware. He was the great-great-grandson of Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, a French economist elected to the Constituent Assembly. Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours' son, Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, who emigrated to America with his grandfather to escape the French Revolution, founded the DuPont company in 1802. Frustrated by the poor quality of black powder made in America, and familiar with the powder-making process, came up with the idea to make gunpowder. His father agreed to finance the venture. Thomas Jefferson supported the idea and suggested the family set up shop in Virginia, but Eleuthère Irénée du Pont was uncomfortable with the institution of slavery
in that state, and settled along the Brandywine River in Delaware instead. In 1805, almost 45,000 pounds of gunpowder was produced. Eleuthère Irénée du Pont died in 1834, leaving the company management to his children.
Eleuthère Irénée du Pont's son, Alfred Victor, took over the company. His son, Lammot, was a chemist and businessman. Lammot patented a way to make blasting powder without saltpeter and also formed the Gunpowder Trade Association. Lammot's uncle Henry set Lammot up in a company to manufacture dynamite, which had been invented by Alfred Nobel. Within 6 months the firm was producing a ton of the explosive per day.
Pierre Samuel duPont, eldest son of Lammot, took over the business when his father died in an explosion. He graduated with a degree in chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1890 and became assistant superintendent at Brandywine Mills. He and his cousin developed the first American smokeless gunpowder in 1892. Most of the 1890′s he spent working with the management at a steel firm partly owned by DuPont, the Johnson Street Rail Company in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Here he learned to deal with money from the company's president, Arthur Moxham. In 1899, he quit and took over the Johnson Company. In 1901, while he was supervising the liquidation of Johnson Company assets in Lorain, OH, he employed John J. Raskob as a private secretary, beginning a long and profitable business and personal relationship between the two.
Pierre S. duPont and his cousins purchased EI du Pont de Nemours and Company in 1902, in order to keep the company in family hands, after the death of its president, Eugene I. du Pont. They set about buying smaller powder firms. Until 1914, during Coleman du Pont's illness, Pierre du Pont served as treasurer, executive vice-president and acting president. In 1915, a group headed by Pierre du Pont bought Coleman's stock.
Pierre du Pont served as DuPont's president until 1919. He gave the DuPont company a modern management structure and modern accounting policies and made the concept of return on investment primary. During World War I, the company grew very quickly due to advance payments on Allied munition contracts. He also established many other DuPont interests in other industries.
Pierre du Pont was a significant figure in the success of General Motors, building a large personal investment in the company as well as supporting Raskob's proposal for DuPont to invest in the automobile company. Pierre du Pont resigned the chairmanship of GM in response to GM President Alfred Sloan's dispute with Raskob over Raskob's involvement with the Democratic National Committee. When Pierre du Pont retired from its Board of Directors, GM was the largest company in the world.
Pierre du Pont retired from DuPont's board in 1940. He also served on the Delaware State Board of Education and donated millions to Delaware's public schools. A building at the University of Delaware, Du Pont Hall, is named in his honor. It houses the offices and laboratories for the College of Engineering. He is famous for opening his personal estate, Longwood Gardens, with its beautiful gardens, fountains, and conservatory, to the public. He was a longtime bachelor, eventually marrying his cousin Alice Belin in 1915 after the death of his mother, and had no children.
During World War 2, the company continued to be a major producer of war supplies. As the inventor and manufacturer of nylon, DuPont helped produce the raw materials for parachutes, powder bags and tires. DuPont also played a major role in the Manhattan Project in 1943, designing, building and operating the Hanford plutonium producing plant and the Savannah River Plant in South Carolina. After the war, DuPont developed Mylar, Dacron, Orlon and Lycra in the 1950′s, and Tyvek, Kevlar, Nomex, Qiana, Corfam and Corian in the 1960′s. DuPont materials were critical to the success of the Apollo Space program.
Alfred Pritchard Sloan, Jr. (May 23, 1875 – February 17, 1966) was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He studied electrical engineering and graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1895. He became president and owner of Hyatt Roller Bearing, a company that made roller and ball bearings, in 1899. At the beginning of the 20th century, Ford Motor Company bought bearings from Hyatt Roller Bearing. In 1916 his company merged with United Motors Company which eventually became part of General Motors Corporation. He became Vice-President, then President (1923), and finally Chairman of the Board (1937) of General Motors
Corporation. In 1934, he established the philanthropic, nonprofit Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. GM under Alfred Sloan became famous for managing diverse operations.
Alfred Sloan is credited with establishing annual styling changes, from which came the concept of planned obsolescence. He also established a pricing structure in which Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac did not compete with each other, and buyers could be kept in the GM “family” as their buying power and preferences changed as they aged. These concepts, along with Ford Motor Company's resistance to the change in the 1920′s, propelled GM to industry sales leadership, a position it retained for over 70 years. Under his direction, GM became the largest, most successful and profitable industrial enterprise the world had ever known up to date.
In the 1930′s General Motors Corporation, long hostile to unionization, confronted its workforce, newly organized and ready for labor rights, in an extended contest for control. Alfred Sloan was averse to violence associated with Henry Ford. He preferred the subtle use of spying and had built up the best undercover apparatus the business community had ever seen up to that time. When the workers organized the massive Flint Sit-Down Strike in 1936, Alfred Sloan found that espionage had little value in the face of such open tactics.
The world's first university-based executive education program, the Sloan Fellows, was created in 1931 at MIT under the sponsorship of Alfred Sloan. A Sloan Foundation grant established the MIT School of Industrial Management in 1952 with the charge of educating the “ideal manager”, and the school was renamed in his honor as the Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, one of the world's premier business schools. Additional grants established a Sloan Institute of Hospital Administration Sloan Program in Health Administration in 1955 at Cornell University Cornell University, the first two year graduate program of its type in the US, a Sloan Fellows Program at Stanford Graduate School of Business in 1957, and at London Business School in 1965. They became degree programs in 1976, awarding the degree of Master of Science in Management. His name is also remembered in the Sloan-Kettering Institute and Cancer Center in New York. In 1951, Sloan received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award “in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York.” The Alfred P. Sloan Museum, showcasing the evolution of the automobile industry and traveling galleries, is located in Flint, Michigan. Alfred Sloan maintained an office in 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Rockefeller Center, now known as the GE Building. He retired as GM chairman on April 2, 1956 and died in 1966. Mr. Sloan was inducted into the Junior Achievement US Business Hall of Fame in 1975.
The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation is a philanthropic non-profit organization established by Alfred Sloan in 1934. The Foundation's programs and interests fall into the areas of science and technology, standard of living, economic performance, and education and careers in science and technology. The total assets of the Sloan Foundation have a market value of about $1.8 billion.
Walter Elias “Walt” Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was born in Chicago, Illinois. In 1906, when Walt Disney was 4, his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri. While in Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing. One of their neighbors, a retired doctor named “Doc” Sherwood, paid him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse. He also developed his love for trains in Marceline, which owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through town. The Disneys remained in Marceline
for four years, before moving to Kansas City in 1911. There, Walt Disney attended Benton Grammar School where he met Walter Pfeiffer. The Pfeiffers were theatre aficionados, and introduced him to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. He also attended Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute.
In 1917, Walt Disney's father acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back there. In the fall, Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and began taking night courses at the Chicago Art Institute. He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper. His cartoons were very patriotic, focusing on World War I. Disney dropped out of high school at the age of 16. Being underage for the US Army, Walt and one of his friends joined the Red Cross. Soon after he joined The Red Cross, he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance. In 1919, he left home and moved back to Kansas City to begin his artistic career. At Pesmen-Rubin, Walt Disney created ads for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters. It was here that he met a cartoonist named Ubbe Iwerks. When their time at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio expired, they were both without a job, and they decided to start their own commercial company. However, following a rough start, Walt Disney left temporarily to earn money at Kansas City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Ubbe Iwerks who was not able to run the business alone. While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made commercials based on cutout animation, Disney took up an interest in the field of animation, and decided to become an animator. He was allowed by the owner of the Ad Company to borrow a camera from work, which he could use to experiment with at home. After reading a book by Edwin G. Lutz, called Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, he found cell animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing. Walt Disney eventually opened his own animation business, and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee. They secured a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman to screen their cartoons. His cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area. Through their success, Walt Disney was able to acquire his own studio and hire a number of animators, including Ubbe Iwerks. Unfortunately, with all his high employee salaries the studio became loaded with debt and went bankrupt.
Walt Disney and his brother pooled their money to set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood. He sent an unfinished print of the Alice Comedies to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him. She was keen on a distribution deal with Walt Disney for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.
In 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business, and ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost instant success, and the character, Oswald — drawn and created by Iwerks — became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded.
In February 1928, Walt Disney went to New York to negotiate a higher fee per short from Mintz. Mintz announced that he wanted to reduce the fee he paid Walt Disney per short and that he had most of his main animators under contract and would start his own studio if he did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Walt Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Disney. Disney declined Mintz's offer and lost most of his animation staff.
After losing the rights to Oswald, Walt Disney felt the need to develop a new character. He based the character on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City. Ubbe Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Walt Disney so the character was easier to animate. Mickey's voice and personality was provided by Disney. The initial films were animated by Ubbe Iwerks. The first animated short with Mickey Mouse was titled “Plane Crazy” which was a silent film. After failing to find a distributor for Plane Crazy or its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, Walt Disney created a cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie. A businessman named Pat Powers provided Walt Disney with both distribution and Cinephone, a sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became an instant success. Walt Disney provided the vocal effects for the earliest cartoons and performed as the voice of Mickey Mouse until 1946. Mickey Mouse soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character.
In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera, approached Walt Disney and convinced him to redo Flowers and Trees, which was originally done in black and white, with three-strip Technicolor. Flowers and Trees would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons for 1932. Walt Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use three-strip Technicolor. In 1932, Walt Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of “Mickey Mouse.” In 1936, Ubbe Iwerks shut his studio to work on various projects dealing with animation technology and would go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies.
With several technical advances now available, Walt Disney had the ability to produce the feature film “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.” It was in full production from 1934 until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete Snow White, Walt Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers at the Bank of America, who gave the studio the money to finish the picture. The finished film premiered on December 21, 1937. The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million in its original theatrical release.
The success of Snow White allowed Walt Disney to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24, 1939. The feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi and the early production stages of Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan while the shorts staff continued work on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy and Pluto cartoon series.
Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the United States entered World War II. The US Army contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities and had the staff create training and instructional films for the military, home-front morale-boosting shorts such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the feature film Victory Through Air Power in 1943. However, the military films did not generate income, and the feature film Bambi underperformed when it was released in April 1942. Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944, establishing a seven-year re-release tradition for Disney features.
By the late 1940′s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, both of which had been shelved during the war years, and began work on Cinderella, which became Walt Disney's most successful film since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940′s, Walt Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. He got his idea for a children's theme park after visiting Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California. This plan was originally meant for a plot located south of the Studio, across the street. The original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that was to become Disneyland. He spent five years of his life developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary of his company, called WED Enterprises, to carry out the planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers. Disneyland officially opened on July 18, 1955. On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people who came out for the preview were Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings and Art Linkletter, who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim.
As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, and was soon followed by 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), Old Yeller (1957), The Shaggy Dog (1959), Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), and The Parent Trap (1961). The Walt Disney Studio produced its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC named Disneyland after the park, where he showed clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim, California. In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, Mickey Mouse Club debuted, which would continue in many various incarnations into the 1990′s.
By the early 1960′s, the Walt Disney empire was a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics.
In early 1964, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park located a few miles west of Orlando, Florida which was to be called Walt Disney World. Disney World was to include a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland which was to be called the Magic Kingdom. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City of Tomorrow, or EPCOT for short.
After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.
Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that all carry his name. The Walt Disney Company today owns, among other assets, 5 vacation resorts, 11 theme parks, 2 water parks, 39 hotels, 8 motion picture studios, 6 record labels, 11 cable television networks and 1 television network. As of 2007, the company had an annual revenue of over $35 billion.
In his later years, Walt Disney devoted substantial time towards funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). It was formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930′s. When Walt Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went towards CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, he paved the way for creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation. He also donated 38 acres of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for the school to be built on. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1972.
In 2009, the Walt Disney Family Museum opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts of Walt Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards he received. Walt Disney holds the record for number of Academy Award nominations (59) and number of awarded Oscars (26). Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars. The star was awarded in honor of Walt Disney's significant contributions to the city of Anaheim, California. Walt Disney has 2 stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures and the other for television.
Walt Disney received the Congressional Gold Medal on May 24, 1968 and the Légion d'Honneur in France in 1935. In 1935, he received a special medal from the League of Nations for the creation of Mickey Mouse. He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964. On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Walt Disney into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. A minor planet, 4017 Disneya, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina, is named after him. The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.
Raymond Albert “Ray” Kroc (October 5, 1902 – January 14, 1984) was born in Oak Park, Illinois, the son of relatively poor parents. He went to public schools in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, but did not graduate. He was as an ambulance driver during World War I. After the war, he became a jazz pianist. Upon his marriage in 1922 he went to work for the Lily-Tulip Cup Company, but soon left to become musical director for one of Chicago's pioneer radio stations, WGES. There he played the piano, arranged the music, accompanied singers and hired musicians. Later following land speculation in Florida, he began to sell real estate in Fort Lauderdale. When the boom collapsed in 1926, he was so broke that he had to play piano in a night club to send his wife and daughter back to Chicago by train. He later followed them in his dilapidated Model-T Ford.
Ray Kroc returned to Lily-Tulip as a salesman, later becoming midwestern sales manager. In 1937 he came upon a new invention, a machine that could mix five milk shakes at one time, called the “multi-mixer.” He founded his own company to serve as exclusive distributor for the product in 1941. Many years later, in 1954, he heard of a drive-in restaurant in San Bernardino, California, owned by Richard and Maurice D. McDonald, which was operating eight of his multi-mixers. Curious as to how they could possibly use so many machines in a small establishment, Kroc found the brothers were doing a remarkable business selling only hamburgers, french fries, and milk shakes. He recognized a potential gold mine and approached the brothers about starting a franchise operation based on their restaurant, selling hamburgers for 15 cents, fries for 10 cents and shakes for 20 cents. After some negotiation the McDonald brothers agreed. Under the arrangement, they would receive one-half of one percent of the gross, Kroc would use the McDonald name and concept, pledged to retain high levels of quality, and would retain their symbol – the golden arches. Ray Kroc opened the first of the chain of McDonald's restaurants on April 15, 1955, in Des Plaines, Illinois. On that first day, Ray Kroc's restaurant had sales of $366.12. By 1961 there were over 130 outlets, and in that year he bought out the McDonald brothers for $2.7 million. From these humble beginnings emerged an empire which by 1984 had 8,300 restaurants in 34 countries with sales of more than $10 billion.
Ray Kroc revolutionized the restaurant industry in much the same way that Henry Ford transformed the automobile industry a generation earlier. His great contribution was to figure out how to mass-produce food uniformly in large quantities, and then to convince millions of Americans that they needed to buy this food. To accomplish the first objective, he reduced the food business to a science. He researched every aspect of food. The precision of the operation can be appreciated when it is understood that each McDonald's hamburger was made with a 1.6 ounce beef patty, not more than 18.9 percent fat. It is exactly 0.221 inches thick and 3.875 inches wide.
The other side of the McDonald's success story is franchising, marketing and advertising. Three-quarters of McDonald's restaurants are run by franchisees. By 1985 each franchise cost about $250,000 and ran for 20 years, after which it reverted to the company. When choosing a franchisee, Ray Kroc looked for someone who was good with people. The franchise owners were trained at McDonald's “Hamburger University” in Elk Grove, Illinois. The company also provided a lengthy manual that outlined every aspect of the operation, from how to make a milk shake to how to be responsive to the community. Also critical to the business was advertising. Hundreds of millions of dollars were poured into advertising.
Despite its astounding success, and despite the fact that the company worked hard to project a charitable and community-oriented image, McDonald's came under attack on several fronts. A number of communities refused to allow its restaurants in their area. The company was also criticized for its extensive use of part-time teenage help, and especially for the $200,000 which Ray Kroc donated to Richard Nixon's re-election campaign, since the administration soon after recommended amending the minimum wage law to provide for a “youth differential.” This would have allowed employers to hire teenagers at 80% of the minimum wage. The architecture of the buildings and the nutritional content of the food also came under attack.
In the mid-1970′s Ray Kroc turned his energy from hamburgers to baseball, buying the San Diego Padres. He had less success at this, however, and in 1979 gave up operating control of the team. In the years before his death he and his second wife, Joan, set up foundations to aid alcoholics and established Ronald McDonald houses to help the families of children stricken with cancer.
Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was born near Houston, Texas. There is some argument as to the exact date and location of his birth. His parents were Allene Stone Gano (a descendant of Owen Tudor, second husband of Catherine of Valois, Dowager Queen of England) and Howard R. Hughes, Sr., who patented the two-cone roller bit, which allowed rotary drilling for petroleum in previously inaccessible places. Howard R. Hughes, Sr. made the decision to commercialize the invention, founding the Hughes Tool Company in 1909, in which be became quite successful.
Showing great aptitude in engineering at an early age, Howard Hughes built Houston's first radio transmitter when he was 11 years old. At 12, he was photographed in the local newspaper as being the first boy in Houston to have a “motorized” bicycle, which he had built himself from parts taken from his father's steam engine. As a student he liked mathematics, flying, and mechanics, taking his first flying lesson at 14 and later auditing math and aeronautical engineering courses at California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
Allene Hughes died in March 1922 from complications of an ectopic pregnancy. In January 1924, Howard Hughes Sr. died of a heart attack. Their deaths apparently inspired Howard Hughes to include the creation of a medical research laboratory in his will that he signed in 1925, at age 19. Because Howard Sr.'s will had not been updated since Allene's death, he inherited 75% of the family fortune. On his 19th birthday, he was declared an emancipated minor, enabling him to take full control of his life and property. He dropped out of Rice University shortly after his father's death. On June 1, 1925, he married Ella Botts Rice. They moved to Los Angeles, where he hoped to make a name for himself making movies.
His first two films, Everybody's Acting (1927) and Two Arabian Knights (1928), were financial successes, the latter winning the first Academy Award for Best Director of a Comedy Picture. The Racket (1928) and The Front Page (1931) were also nominated for Academy Awards. He spent $3.8 million to make the flying film Hell's Angels (1930). He produced another hit, Scarface (1932). The Outlaw, starring Jane Russell was released in 1943.
Howard Hughes' wife returned to Houston in 1929 and filed for divorce. He dated many famous women, including Billie Dove, Bette Davis, Ava Gardner, Olivia de Havilland, Katharine Hepburn and Gene Tierney. He also proposed to Joan Fontaine. Bessie Love was a mistress during his first marriage. Jean Harlow accompanied him to the premiere of Hell's Angels. He remained good friends with Gene Tierney. When her daughter Daria was born deaf and blind with severe mental retardation, due to Tierney being exposed to rubella during her pregnancy, Daria received the best medical care and he paid all the expenses.
On July 11, 1936, Howard Hughes struck and killed a pedestrian named Gabriel S. Meyer with his car. He was booked on suspicion of negligent homicide and held overnight in jail until his attorney obtained a writ of habeas corpus for his release pending a Coroner's inquest. By the time of the coroner's inquiry, however, the witness had changed his story and claimed that Meyer had moved directly in front of Howard Hughes's car. Nancy Bayly (Watts), who was in the car with Hughes at the time of the accident, corroborates this version. On July 16, 1936, he was held blameless by a Coroner's jury at the inquest into Meyer's death.
Howard Hughes was a lifelong aircraft enthusiast, pilot and aircraft engineer. At Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer aviators. He set many world records and designed and built several aircraft himself while heading Hughes Aircraft at the airport in Glendale. Operating from there, the most technologically important aircraft he designed was the Hughes H-1 Racer. On September 13, 1935, he, flying the H-1, set what was believed to be an airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h) near Santa Ana, California, although it is now recognized that Giuseppe Motta had reached 362 mph in 1929 and George Stainforth reached 407.5 mph in 1931. A year and a half later, on January 19, 1937, flying a redesigned H-1 Racer featuring extended wings, Howard Hughes set a new transcontinental airspeed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds. His average speed over the flight was 322 mph (518 km/h). The H-1 Racer featured a number of design “innovations”: it had retractable landing gear and all rivets and joints set flush into the body of the aircraft to reduce drag. The H-1 Racer is thought to have influenced the design of a number of World War II fighters such as the Mitsubishi Zero, the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and the F8F Bearcat, although that has never been reliably confirmed. The H-1 Racer was donated to the Smithsonian Institute in 1975 and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum. On July 10, 1938, Hughes set another record by completing a flight around the world in just 91 hours. For this flight he did not fly an aircraft of his own design, but a Lockheed Super Electra (a twin-engine transport with a four-man crew) fitted with all of the latest radio and navigational equipment. He wanted the flight to be a triumph of technology, illustrating that safe, long-distance air travel was possible. He also had a hand in the design and financing of both the Boeing 307 Stratoliner and Lockheed L-049 Constellation. Howard Hughes received many awards as an aviator, including the Harmon Trophy in 1936 and 1938, the Collier Trophy in 1938, the Octave Chanute Award in 1940 and a special Congressional Gold Medal in 1939 “in recognition of the achievements of Howard Hughes in advancing the science of aviation and thus bringing great credit to his country throughout the world.”
Howard Hughes was involved in a near-fatal aircraft accident on July 7, 1946, while piloting the experimental US Army Air Force reconnaissance aircraft, the XF-11, over Los Angeles. When the XF-11 finally skidded to a halt after hitting three houses, the fuel tanks exploded, setting fire to the aircraft and a nearby home. He managed to pull himself out of the flaming wreckage but lay beside the aircraft until he was rescued. He received significant injuries in the crash, including a crushed collar bone, multiple cracked ribs, crushed chest with collapsed left lung, shifting his heart to the right side of the chest cavity, and numerous 3rd-degree burns. As he lay in his hospital bed, he decided that he did not like the design of the bed. He called in plant engineers to design a “tailor-made” bed, equipped with hot and cold running water, built in 6 sections, and operated by 30 electric motors, with push-button adjustments. Many attribute his long-term addiction to opiates to his use of morphine as a painkiller during his convalescence. The trademark mustache he wore afterward was meant to cover a scar on his upper lip resulting from the accident.
The Hughes H-4 Hercules (“Spruce Goose”) was the world's largest flying aircraft made from wood. At 319 feet 11 inches (97.51 m), it had the biggest wingspan of any aircraft ever built up to that date. The Hercules was originally contracted by the US government for use during World War II to transport troops and equipment across the Atlantic as an alternative to sea-going troop transport ships that were vulnerable to German U-boats. However the aircraft was not completed until after the end of World War II. The Hercules flew only once for one mile (1.6 km), and 70 feet above the water, with Howard Hughes at the controls, on November 2, 1947. Howard Hughes was summoned to testify before the Senate War Investigating Committee to explain why the aircraft had not been delivered to the United States Army Air Forces during the war, but the committee disbanded without releasing a final report.
Hughes Aircraft Company, a division of Hughes Tool Company, was originally founded by Howard Hughes in 1932, in a rented corner of a Lockheed Aircraft Corporation hangar in Burbank, California, to carry out the expensive conversion of a military aircraft into the H-1 racer. During and after World War II, Hughes fashioned his company into a major defense contractor. The Hughes Helicopters division started in 1947 when helicopter manufacturer Kellett sold their latest design to Howard Hughes for production. In 1948, he created a new division of the company, the Hughes Aerospace Group. The Hughes Space and Communications Group and the Hughes Space Systems Division were later spun off in 1948 to form their own divisions and ultimately became the Hughes Space and Communications Company in 1961. In 1953, Howard Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute, thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a tax-exempt charitable organization. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for $5.2 billion. In 1997, General Motors sold Hughes Aircraft to Raytheon and in 2000, sold Hughes Space & Communications to Boeing. A combination of Boeing, GM and Raytheon acquired the Hughes Research Laboratories.
In 1939, at the urging of Jack Frye, president of TWA, Howard Hughes quietly purchased a majority share of TWA stock for nearly $7 million and took control of the airline. Upon assuming ownership, he was prohibited by federal law from building his own aircraft. Seeking an aircraft that would perform better than TWA's fleet of Boeing 307 Stratoliners, he approached Boeing's competitor, Lockheed. He had a good relationship with Lockheed since they had built the aircraft he used in his record flight around the world in 1938. Lockheed agreed to his request that the new aircraft be built in secrecy. The result was the revolutionary Constellation and TWA purchased the first 40 of the new airliners off the production line. In 1956, Howard Hughes placed an order for 63 Convair 880s for TWA at a cost of $400 million. Although he was extremely wealthy at this time, outside creditors demanded that he relinquish control of TWA in return for providing the money. In 1960, he was ultimately forced out of TWA, although he owned 78% of the company and battled to regain control. In 1966, he was forced by a US federal court to sell his shares in TWA because of concerns over conflict of interest between his ownership of both TWA and Hughes Aircraft. The sale of his TWA shares netted him a profit of $547 million. During the 1970′s, he went back into the airline business, buying the airline Air West and renaming it Hughes Airwest.
In 1948, Howard Hughes gained control of RKO, a struggling major Hollywood studio, by acquiring 25% of the outstanding stock from Floyd Odlum's Atlas Corporation. Within weeks of taking control, he dismissed three-quarters of the work force and production was shut down for 6 months while he undertook the investigation of the politics of all remaining studio employees. Completed pictures would be sent back for re-shooting if he felt his star was not properly presented, or if a film's anti-communist politics were not sufficiently clear. Howard Hughes sold the RKO theaters in 1953 as settlement of the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. antitrust case. With the sale of the profitable theaters, the shaky status of the film studio became increasingly apparent. A steady stream of lawsuits from RKO's minority shareholders, charging him with financial misconduct and corporate mismanagement, became an increasing nuisance, especially because he wanted to focus on his aircraft-manufacturing and TWA holdings during the Korean War years. Eager to be rid of the distraction, he offered to buy out all other stockholders. By the end of 1954, at a cost of nearly $24 million, he had gained near total control of RKO, becoming the closest thing to a sole owner of a Hollywood studio seen in 3 decades. 6 months later, he sold the studio to the General Tire and Rubber Company for $25 million. Howard Hughes retained the rights to pictures he had personally produced, including those made at RKO. He also retained Jane Russell's contract. For Howard Hughes, this was the virtual end of his 25-year involvement in motion pictures. He reportedly walked away from RKO having made $6.5 million in personal profit. General Tire's studio lots in Hollywood and Culver City were sold to Desilu Productions for $6.15 million in 1957.
In 1953, Howard Hughes launched the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Chevy Chase, Maryland, formed with the express goal of basic biomedical research, including trying to understand the “genesis of life itself.” His first will, which he signed in 1925 at the age of 19, stipulated that a portion of his estate should be used to create a medical institute bearing his name. He gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the institute, thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a tax-exempt charity. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's new board of trustees sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for $5.2 billion, allowing the institute to grow dramatically. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute was the 4th largest private organization as of 2007 and the largest devoted to biological and medical research, with an endowment of $16.3 billion as of June 2007.
On January 12, 1957, Howard Hughes married actress Jean Peters.
Shortly before the 1960 Presidential election, Richard Nixon was harmed by revelations of a $205,000 loan from Howard Hughes to Nixon's brother Donald. In late 1971, Donald Nixon was collecting intelligence for his brother in preparation for the upcoming presidential election. One of Donald's sources was John H. Meier, a former business adviser of Howard Hughes who had also worked with Democratic National Chairman Larry O'Brien. However, Meier conspired with former Vice President of the United States, Hubert Humphrey, and others to feed disinformation to the Nixon campaign. Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the election because Larry O'Brien had a great deal of information on Richard Nixon's illicit dealings with Howard Hughes that had never been released. Donald told his brother that O'Brien was in possession of damaging information that could destroy his campaign.
In 1972, Howard Hughes was approached by the CIA to help secretly recover Soviet submarine K-129 which had sunk near Hawaii 4 years earlier. Thus the Glomar Explorer, a special-purpose salvage vessel, was born. His involvement provided the CIA with a plausible cover story, having to do with civilian marine research at extreme depths and the mining of undersea manganese nodules. In the summer of 1974, Glomar Explorer attempted to raise the Soviet vessel. However, during the recovery a mechanical failure in the ship's grapple caused half of the submarine to break off and fall to the ocean floor. This section is believed to have held many of the most sought-after items, including its code book and nuclear missiles. Two nuclear-tipped torpedoes and some cryptographic machines were recovered, along with the bodies of six Soviet submariners who were subsequently given formal burial at sea in a filmed ceremony. The operation, known as Project Azorian, became public in February 1975 because burglars had obtained secret documents from Howard Hughes' headquarters in June 1974. Though he lent his name to the operation, Howard Hughes and his companies had no actual involvement in the project.
The wealthy and aging Howard Hughes, accompanied by his entourage of personal aides, began moving from one hotel to another, always taking up residence in the top floor penthouse. During the last 10 years of his life, from 1966 to 1976, he lived in hotels in Beverly Hills, Boston, Las Vegas, Nassau, Freeport, Xanadu Princess Hotel, Bayshore Inn Vancouver, London, Managua, Acapulco and others.
On November 24, 1966, Howard Hughes arrived in Las Vegas by railroad car and moved into the Desert Inn. Because he refused to leave the hotel and to avoid further conflicts with the owners of the hotel, he bought the Desert Inn in early 1967. The hotel's 8th floor became the operational center of his empire and the 9th-floor penthouse became his personal residence. Between 1966 and 1968, he bought several other hotels/casinos such as the Castaways, New Frontier, The Landmark Hotel and Casino, the Sands and Silver Slipper casino. He wanted to change the image of Las Vegas to something more glamorous than it was. As he wrote in a memo to an aide, “I like to think of Las Vegas in terms of a well-dressed man in a dinner jacket and a beautifully jeweled and furred female getting out of an expensive car.” He bought several local television stations (including KLAS-TV).
In 1971, Jean Peters filed for divorce. Peters requested a lifetime alimony payment of $70,000 a year, adjusted for inflation, and waived all claims to Howard Hughes' estate. Hughes offered her a settlement of over a million dollars, but she declined it.
Howard Hughes was reported to have died on April 5, 1976, at 1:27 PM on board an aircraft owned by Robert Graf, en route from his penthouse at the “Acapulco Fairmont Princess Hotel” in Mexico to The Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas. A subsequent autopsy noted kidney failure as the cause of death. He was in extremely poor physical condition at the time of his death. X-rays revealed broken-off hypodermic needles still embedded in his arms and severe malnutrition. While his kidneys were damaged, his other internal organs were deemed perfectly healthy.
Howard Hughes' $2.5 billion estate was eventually split in 1983 among 22 cousins, including William Lummis who serves as a trustee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The US Supreme Court ruled that Hughes Aircraft was owned by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which sold it to General Motors in 1985 for $5.2 billion. Suits brought by the states of California and Texas claiming they were owed inheritance tax were both rejected by the court. In 1984, his estate paid an undisclosed amount to Terry Moore, who claimed to have been secretly married to him on a yacht in international waters off Mexico in 1949 and never divorced.
Howard Hughes has now emerged as one of the 20th Century's most iconic business and aviation figures spawning a wide range of cultural references.
Samuel Moore “Sam” Walton (March 29, 1918 – April 5, 1992) was born in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. As a child, Sam Walton moved with his family to Missouri where he became an Eagle Scout at age 13, a student leader, basketball star and quarterback on a state championship football team at Hickman High School in Columbia, Missouri. He graduated from the University of Missouri at Columbia in 1940 with a BA in Economics. During World War 2, he served as a Captain in the US Army Intelligence Corps. While in the army, he married Helen Robson of Claremore, Oklahoma, on Valentine's Day, February 14, 1943. Over the years, they had 4 children: Rob, Jim, John and Alice.
Immediately following his military service, Sam Walton worked for JC Penney in Iowa and operated his own variety store in Newport, Arkansas. In 1951, he opened Walton's Five and Dime in Bentonville, Arkansas. On July 2, 1962, he opened his first Walmart store in Rogers, Arkansas. He launched a determined effort to market American-made products. Included in the effort was a willingness to find American manufacturers who could supply merchandise for the entire WalMart chain at a price low enough to meet the foreign competition. The company's early popularity exceeded his expectations, resulting in a rapid state-by-state store expansion financed largely through proceeds of a public stock offering in 1971. As part of his managing strategy, he made sure that information regarding the company's objectives and results was not held closely by a few executives, but was shared among all the employees. Sam Walton was a role model and visionary. He introduced new technologies to retailing and encouraged employees to take risks. He experimented with different types of stores. Sam's Club membership warehouses and Walmart Supercenters were two successful examples. When he thought the time was right, he expanded first into Mexico, and then into other countries. By late 1998, Walmart had stores on 4 continents and 9 countries.
Over his lifetime, Sam Walton was recognized for both his business success and his commitment to the community. He built this company with the purpose of saving people money so they can live better. This foresight contributed to him being named “America's Most Successful Merchant” in the September 1991 cover story of Fortune magazine.
His commitment to philanthropy resulted in the creation of a foundation. That commitment has grown to domestic and international Walmart foundations giving more than $423 million in cash and in-kind gifts from February 1, 2008 through January 31, 2009.
Shortly before his death on April 5, 1992, Sam Walton received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George Bush, the highest honor the country bestows on its private citizens. He also received the prestigious 1997 National Patriots Award for “exemplifying the ideals that make this country strong.” In 1998, he was included in Time's list of 100 most influential people of the 20th Century. Sam Walton was honored for all his pioneering efforts in retail in March 1992. Also that year, the Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China awarded him the Golden Star Foreigner's Award for “tireless assistance in the development of People's owned factories in the Suzhou area.
Mary Kay Ash (May 12, 1918 – November 22, 2001) was born Mary Kathlyn Wagner in Hot Wells, Texas. Her mother, who had studied to be a nurse, worked long hours managing a restaurant. When Mary Kay was two or three, her father was ill with tuberculosis. As a result, it was her responsibility to clean, cook, and care for her father while her mother was at work. She excelled in school, but her family could not afford to send her to college. She married at age seventeen and eventually had three children.
During a time when few married women with families worked outside the home, Mary Kay Ash became an employee of Stanley Home Products in Houston, Texas. She conducted demonstration “parties” at which she sold company products, mostly to homemakers like herself. Energetic and a quick learner, Mary Kay Ash became a unit manager, a post she held from 1938 to 1952. She also spent a year studying at the University of Houston to follow her dream of becoming a doctor, but she gave it up and returned to sales work. After her marriage ended in 1952, she took a sales job at World Gift Company in Dallas, Texas. She began to develop her theory of marketing and sales, which included offering sales incentives to the customer as well as the sales force. She was intelligent and hardworking, but, unlike men, women were given hardly any opportunities for advancement at the time. Tired of being passed over for promotions in favor of the men she had trained, she quit. She planned to write a book about her experiences in the work force.
In 1963, with an investment of $5000 Mary Kay Ash founded her own company to sell a skin cream to which she had purchased the manufacturing rights. She named her company “Beauty by Mary Kay.” She was determined to offer career opportunities in her company to any woman who had the energy and creativity required to sell Mary Kay cosmetics. Before long she had a force of female sales representatives who were eager to prove themselves. Her second husband died in 1963, a month before her company was established. Her oldest son helped guide her through the start-up phase of her company. Three years later she married Melville J. Ash, who worked in the wholesale gift business. Believing it was important to reward hard workers, she gave away vacations, jewelry and pink Cadillacs to her top performers. With goals such as these to shoot for, her salespeople made the company a huge success. Within two years sales neared $1 million. The company's growth continued and new products were added. Every year since 1992 Mary Kay Cosmetics made Fortune magazine's list of 500 largest companies and was listed in a book entitled “The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America.” It now employs over 475 thousand people in over 25 countries.
Mary Kay Ash published her life story, Mary Kay, in 1981. It sold over a million copies, and she went on to write Mary Kay on People Management (1984) and Mary Kay—You Can Have It All (1995). In 1987 she became chairman emeritus of her company. She helped raise money for cancer research after her third husband died of the disease. In 1993 she was honored with the dedication of the Mary Kay Ash Center for Cancer Immunotherapy Research at St. Paul Medical Center in Dallas. In 1996 the Mary Kay Ash Charitable Foundation was started to research cancers that mainly affect women. She was a tough businessperson with a thorough knowledge of marketing and sales. Through her belief in women's abilities and her willingness to give them a chance, she made the dream of a successful career a reality for hundreds of thousands of women worldwide.
George Walton Lucas, Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American film producer, screenwriter and director. He is best known for being the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones movie franchises. George Lucas was born in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy and George Lucas, Sr. (1913–1991), who owned a stationery store.
Long before George Lucas became obsessed with film making, he wanted to be a race-car driver, and he spent most of his high school years racing on the underground circuit at fairgrounds and hanging out at garages. However, a near-fatal accident in his souped-up Autobianchi Bianchina on June 12, 1962, just days before his high school graduation, quickly changed his mind. Instead of racing, he attended Modesto Junior College and later got accepted into a junior college to study anthropology. While taking liberal arts courses, he developed a passion for cinematography and camera tricks. George Lucas graduated from Brookdale Community College in New Jersey.
During this time, an experimental filmmaker named Bruce Baillie tacked up a bedsheet in his backyard in 1960 to screen the work of underground, avant-garde 16 mm filmmakers like Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage and Bruce Conner. For the next few years, Baillie's series, dubbed Canyon Cinema, toured local coffeehouses. These events became a magnet for the teenage George Lucas and his boyhood friend John Plummer. The 19-year-olds began slipping away to San Francisco to hang out in jazz clubs and find news of Canyon Cinema screenings in flyers at the City Lights bookstore. Already a promising photographer, George Lucas became infatuated with these abstract films.
George Lucas then transferred to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts. USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to motion picture film. During the years at USC, George Lucas shared a dorm room with Randal Kleiser. Along with classmates such as Walter Murch, Hal Barwood and John Milius, they became a clique of film students known as The Dirty Dozen. He also became very good friends with fellow acclaimed student filmmaker and future Indiana Jones collaborator, Steven Spielberg. George Lucas was deeply influenced by the Filmic Expression course taught at the school by filmmaker Lester Novros which concentrated on the non-narrative elements of Film Form like color, light, movement, space and time. Another huge inspiration was the Serbian montagist (and dean of the USC Film Department) Slavko Vorkapich, a film theoretician comparable in historical importance to Sergei Eisenstein, who moved to Hollywood to make stunning montage sequences for studio features at MGM, RKO and Paramount.
After graduating with a bachelor of fine arts in film in 1967, he tried joining the United States Air Force as an officer, but he was immediately turned down because of his numerous speeding tickets. He was later drafted by the Army for military service in Vietnam, but he was exempt from the draft after medical tests showed he had diabetes, the disease that killed his paternal grandfather.
In 1967, Lucas re-enrolled as a USC graduate student in film production. Working as a teaching instructor for a class of US Navy students who were being taught documentary cinematography, George Lucas directed the short film Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB, which won first prize at the 1967–68 National Student Film Festival, and was later adapted into his first full-length feature film, THX 1138. George Lucas was awarded a student scholarship by Warner Brothers to observe and work on the making of a film of his choosing. The film he chose was Finian's Rainbow (1968) which was being directed by Francis Ford Coppola, who at the time was revered among film school students of the time as a cinema graduate who had “made it” in Hollywood. In 1969, George Lucas was one of the camera operators on the classic Rolling Stones concert film Gimme Shelter.
George Lucas is a filmmaker, with a film career dominated by writing and production. Aside from the nine short films he made in the 1960s, he also directed six major features. His work from 1971 and 1977 as a writer-director, which established him as a major figure in Hollywood, consists of just three films: THX 1138, American Graffiti, and Star Wars. There was a 22-year hiatus between Star Wars Episode IV and his only other feature-film directing credits, the three Star Wars prequels.
George Lucas acted as a writer and executive producer on another successful Hollywood film franchise, the Indiana Jones series. In addition, his decision to establish his own effects company to make the original Star Wars film has produced enormous benefits; this company, the award-winning Industrial Light and Magic (ILM), is one of the world leaders in movie special effects.
George Lucas co-founded the studio American Zoetrope with Francis Ford Coppola — whom he met during his internship at Warner Brothers – hoping to create a liberating environment for filmmakers to direct outside the perceived oppressive control of the Hollywood studio system. His first full-length feature film produced by the studio, THX 1138, was not a success. George Lucas then created his own company, Lucasfilm, Ltd., and directed American Graffiti (1973). His new-found wealth and reputation enabled him to develop a story set in space. Even so, he encountered difficulties getting Star Wars made. It was only because Alan Ladd, Jr., at Fox Studios, liked American Graffiti that he forced through a production and distribution deal for the film, which ended up restoring Fox to financial stability after a number of flops.
Star Wars quickly became the highest-grossing film of all-time, displaced five years later by Steven Spielberg's ET the Extra-Terrestrial. During the filming of Star Wars, George Lucas waived his up-front fee as director and negotiated to own the merchandising and licensing rights. This decision earned him hundreds of millions of dollars, as he was able to directly profit from all the licensed games, toys and collectibles created for the franchise. This accumulated capital enabled him to finance the sequel himself.
Over the two decades after the first Star Wars film, Lucas worked extensively as a writer and/or producer, including the many Star Wars spinoffs made for film, TV, and other media. He acted as executive producer for the next two Star Wars films, assigning the direction of The Empire Strikes Back to Irvin Kershner and Return of the Jedi to Richard Marquand, while receiving a story credit on the former and sharing a screenwriting credit with Lawrence Kasdan on the latter. George Lucas also acted as executive producer and story writer on all four of the Indiana Jones films, which he convinced his colleague and good friend, Steven Spielberg, to direct. Other notable projects as a producer or executive producer in this period include Kurosawa's Kagemusha (1980), Lawrence Kasdan's Body Heat (1981), Jim Henson's Labyrinth (1986), Godfrey Reggio's Powaqqatsi (1986) and the animated film The Land Before Time (1988). There were also some other projects, including More American Graffiti (1979), Howard the Duck (1986), Willow (1988) and Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988). Between 1992 and 1996, George Lucas served as executive producer for the television spinoff The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. In 1997, for the 20th anniversary of Star Wars, George Lucas went back to his trilogy to enhance and add certain scenes using newly available digital technology. These new versions were released in theaters as the Star Wars Trilogy: Special Edition. For DVD releases in 2004, this series has received further revisions to make them congruent with the prequel trilogy. Besides the additions to the Star Wars franchise, George Lucas released Special Edition director's cuts of THX 1138 and American Graffiti containing a number of CGI revisions.
The animation studio Pixar was founded as the Graphics Group, one third of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm. Pixar's early computer graphics research resulted in groundbreaking effects in films such as Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Young Sherlock Holmes, and the group was purchased in 1986 by Steve Jobs shortly after he left Apple after a power struggle at Apple Computer. Steve Jobs paid $5 million to George Lucas and put $5 million as capital into the company. The sale reflected George Lucas' desire to stop the cash flow losses from his 7-year research projects associated with new entertainment technology tools, as well as his company's new focus on creating entertainment products rather than tools. A contributing factor was cash-flow difficulties following George Lucas' 1983 divorce concurrent with the sudden dropoff in revenues from Star Wars licenses following the release of Return of the Jedi.
The sound-equipped system, THX Ltd, was founded by George Lucas and Tomlinson Holman. The company was formerly owned by Lucasfilm, and contains equipment for stereo, digital, and theatrical sound for movies, and music. Skywalker Sound and Industrial Light and Magic, the sound and visual effects subdivisions of Lucasfilm, respectively, have become among the most respected firms in their fields. Lucasfilm Games, later renamed LucasArts, is well respected in the gaming industry.
In 1994, George Lucas began work on the screenplay for the prequel The Phantom Menace, which would be the first film he had directed in over two decades. The Phantom Menace was released in 1999, beginning a new trilogy of Star Wars films. George Lucas also directed Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith which were released in 2002 and 2005, respectively.
In 2008, he reteamed with Steven Spielberg for Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.
In 1991, The George Lucas Educational Foundation was founded as a nonprofit operating foundation to celebrate and encourage innovation in schools. The Foundation's content is available under the brand Edutopia, in an award-winning web site and via documentary films. George Lucas, through his foundation, was one of the leading proponents of the E-rate program in the universal service fund, which was enacted as part of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. On June 24, 2008, George Lucas testified before the United States House of Representatives subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet as the head of his Foundation to advocate for a free wireless broadband educational network.
The American Film Institute awarded George Lucas its Life Achievement Award on June 9, 2005. This was shortly after the release of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, about which he joked stating that, since he views the entire Star Wars series as one movie, he could actually receive the award now that he had finally “gone back and finished the movie.”
On June 5, 2005, George Lucas was named among the 100 “Greatest Americans” by the Discovery Channel.
George Lucas was nominated for four Academy Awards: Best Directing and Writing for American Graffiti, and Best Directing and Writing for Star Wars. He received the Academy's Irving G. Thalberg Award in 1991. He appeared at the 79th Academy Awards ceremony in 2007 with Steven Spielberg and Francis Ford Coppola to present the Best Director award to their friend Martin Scorsese. During the speech, Spielberg and Coppola talked about the joy of winning an Oscar, making fun of George Lucas, who has not won a competitive Oscar.
In 2005, George Lucas gave $1 million to help build the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial on the National Mall in Washington DC to commemorate American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.
On September 19, 2006, USC announced that George Lucas had donated $175–180 million to his alma mater to expand the film school. It is the largest single donation to USC and the largest gift to a film school anywhere. Previous donations led to the already existing George Lucas Instructional Building and Marcia Lucas Post-Production building.
On January 1, 2007, George Lucas served as the Grand Marshal for the 2007 Tournament of Roses Parade, and made the coin toss at the 2007 Rose Bowl.
On August 25, 2009, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver announced that George Lucas would be one of 13 California Hall of Fame inductees in The California Museum's yearlong exhibit. The induction ceremony was on December 1, 2009, in Sacramento, California.
On September 6, 2009, George Lucas was in Venice to present to the Pixar team the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement during the 2009 Biennale Venice Film Festival.
Oprah Winfrey (born Orpah Gail Winfrey on January 29, 1954) was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi to unmarried teenage parents. Her mother, Vernita Lee was a housemaid. She believed that her biological father was Vernon Winfrey, a coal miner turned barber turned city councilman who had been in the Armed Forces when she was born. She had her DNA tested. The genetic test determined that her maternal line originated among the Kpelle ethnic group, in the area that today is Liberia. Her genetic make up was determined to be 89% Sub-Saharan African. After her birth, her mother moved and she spent her first 6 years living in rural poverty with her grandmother. Her grandmother taught her to read before the age of 3 and took her to the local church. At 6, she moved to an inner-city neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin with her mother. Oprah Winfrey has stated that she was molested by her cousin, her uncle and a family friend, starting when she was 9 years old. When she was 14, she became pregnant, her son dying shortly after birth. Her mother sent her to live with Vernon Winfrey in Nashville, Tennessee. Vernon was strict, but encouraging and made her education a priority. Oprah Winfrey became an honors student, was voted Most Popular Girl, joined her high school speech team at East Nashville High School, placing second in the nation in dramatic interpretation. She won an oratory contest, which secured her a full scholarship to Tennessee State University where she studied communication. Her first job as a teenager was working at a local grocery store. At age 17, she won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant. She got the attention of the local black radio station, WVOL, which hired her to do the news part-time. She worked there during her senior year of high school, and again while in her first two years of college.
Working in local media, she was both the youngest news anchor and the first black female news anchor at Nashville's WLAC-TV. She moved to Baltimore's WJZ-TV in 1976 to co-anchor the 6pm news. She was then recruited to join Richard Sher as co-host of WJZ's local talk show People Are Talking, which premiered on August 14, 1978. She also hosted the local version of Dialing for Dollars. In 1983, she moved to Chicago to host WLS-TV's low-rated half-hour morning talk show, AM Chicago. The first episode aired on January 2, 1984. Within months after she took over, the show went from last place in the ratings to overtaking Donahue as the highest rated talk show in Chicago. The movie critic Roger Ebert persuaded her to sign a syndication deal with King World. It was renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show, expanded to a full hour, and broadcast nationally beginning September 8, 1986. Her syndicated show brought in double Donahue's national audience, displacing Donahue as the number one day-time talk show in America. In the mid 1990′s she adopted a less tabloid-oriented format, hosting shows on broader topics such as heart disease, geopolitics, spirituality and meditation and interviewing celebrities on social issues they were directly involved with, such as cancer, charity work, or substance abuse.
In 1985, Oprah Winfrey co-starred in Steven Spielberg's The Color Purple as distraught housewife, Sofia. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In addition, she produced and co-starred in the 1989 drama miniseries The Women of Brewster Place and Brewster Place. In October 1998, she produced and starred in the film Beloved, based on Toni Morrison's Pulitzer Prize winning novel. Oprah Winfrey co-founded the women's cable television network Oxygen. She is also the president of Harpo Productions. On January 15, 2008, Winfrey and Discovery Communications announced plans to change Discovery Health Channel into a new channel called OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network. In late 2008, Harpo Films signed an exclusive output pact to develop and produce scripted series, documentaries and movies for HBO. In 1993, she hosted a rare prime-time interview with Michael Jackson, which became the 4th most watched event in American television history as well as the most watched interview ever, with an audience of 36.5 million. On December 1, 2005, she appeared on The Late Show with David Letterman to promote the new Broadway musical The Color Purple, of which she was a producer. The episode helped Letterman attract his largest audience in more than 11 years: 13.45 million viewers. Oprah voiced Gussie the goose for Charlotte's Web (2006) and the voice of Judge Bumbleden in Bee Movie (2007). In 2009, she provided the voice for the character of Eudora in Disney's The Princess and the Frog and in 2010, narrated the US version of the BBC nature program Life for Discovery.
Oprah Winfrey has co-authored five books. She publishes 2 magazines: O, The Oprah Magazine and O at Home. In 2002 Fortune called O, the Oprah Magazine the most successful start-up ever in the industry. Her company created the Oprah.com website to provide resources and interactive content relating to her shows, magazines, book club, and public charity. Oprah.com averages more than 70 million page views and more than six million users per month, and receives approximately 20,000 e-mails each week. She initiated “Oprah's Child Predator Watch List”, through her show and website, to help track down accused child molesters. Within the first 48 hours, two of the featured men were captured.
On February 9, 2006, it was announced that Oprah Winfrey had signed a three-year, $55 million contract with XM Satellite Radio to establish a new radio channel. The channel, Oprah Radio, features popular contributors to The Oprah Winfrey Show and O, The Oprah Magazine including Nate Berkus, Dr. Mehmet Oz, Bob Greene, Dr. Robin Smith and Marianne Williamson. Oprah & Friends began broadcasting at 11:00 am ET, September 25, 2006, from a new studio at her Chicago headquarters. At 41, she had a net worth of $340 million and replaced Bill Cosby as the only African American on the Forbes 400. With a 2000 net worth of $800 million, she is the wealthiest African American of the 20th century.
Oprah Winfrey has been called the world's most powerful and influetial woman by CNN, Time, Life, USA Today, Entertainment Weekly, Ladies Home Journal, American Spectator and others. In 2010, Life magazine named Oprah Winfrey one of the 100 people who changed the world, along side such luminaries as Jesus Christ, Elvis Presley and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. She was the only living woman to make the list.
In 2005 Oprah Winfrey was named the greatest woman in American history as part of a public poll as part of The Greatest American. She was ranked #9 overall on the list of greatest Americans. The Wall Street Journal coined the term “Oprahfication”, meaning public confession as a form of therapy. The power of Oprah Winfrey's opinions and endorsement to influence public opinion, especially consumer purchasing choices, has been dubbed “The Oprah Effect”. The effect has been documented or alleged in book sales, beef markets and election voting. She endorsed presidential candidate Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election. This is the first time she publicly made such an endorsement. An analysis by two economists at the University of Maryland, College Park estimated that Oprah Winfrey's endorsement was responsible for between 423,123 and 1,596,995 votes for Obama in the Democratic primary alone, based on a sample of states that did not include Texas, Michigan, North Dakota, Kansas, or Alaska. The results suggest that in the sampled states, her endorsement was responsible for the difference in the popular vote between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.
In 1998, Oprah Winfrey created the Oprah's Angel Network, a charity that supported charitable projects and provided grants to nonprofit organizations around the world. Oprah's Angel Network raised more than $80,000,000. She personally covered all administrative costs associated with the charity, so 100% of all funds raised went to charity programs. The charity stopped accepting donations in May 2010 and was later dissolved. Her show raises money through promotion of her public charity and she personally donates more of her own money to charity than any other show-business celebrity in America. In 2005 she became the first black person listed by Business Week as one of America's 50 most generous philanthropists, having given an estimated $303 million. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, she created the Oprah Angel Network Katrina registry which raised more than $11 million for relief efforts. She personally gave $10 million to the cause. Homes were built in Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama before the one year anniversary of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. She has also helped 250 African-American men continue or complete their education at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. She was the recipient of the first Bob Hope Humanitarian Award at the 2002 Emmy Awards for services to television and film. To celebrate two decades on national TV, and to thank her employees for their hard work, she took her staff and their families (1065 people in total) on vacation to Hawaii in the summer of 2006. She invested $40 million and some of her time establishing the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls near Johannesburg, South Africa. The school opened in January 2007 with an enrollment of 152 pupils and features such amenities as a beauty salon and yoga studio. Nelson Mandela praised her for overcoming her own disadvantaged youth to become a benefactor for others and for investing in the future of South Africa. Winfrey teaches a class at the school via satellite.
Steven Paul Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was born in San Francisco and was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs. His biological parents – Abdulfattah Jandali, a Syrian Muslim graduate student who later became a political science professor, and Joanne Simpson, an American graduate student who went on to become a speech therapist – later married, giving birth to and raising his biological sister, the novelist Mona Simpson. He attended Cupertino Junior High School and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California, and frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California. He was soon hired there and worked with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee.
In 1972, he graduated from high school and enrolled in Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one semester, he continued auditing classes at Reed. In the autumn of 1974, he returned to California and began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak. He took a job as a technician at Atari with the primary intent of saving money for a spiritual retreat to India. After his retreat to India, he was given the task of creating a circuit board for the game Breakout. Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. Steve Jobs had little interest or knowledge in circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the bonus evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50.
In 1976, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, with later funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer AC “Mike” Markkula Jr., founded Apple. As Apple continued to expand, the company began looking for an experienced executive to help manage its expansion.
In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO. In 1983, Steve Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO. The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled “1984.” The Macintosh became the first commercially successful small computer with a graphical user interface.
While Steve Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time had described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. An industry-wide sales slump towards the end of 1984 caused a deterioration in Steve Jobs's working relationship with Sculley, and at the end of May 1985 – following an internal power struggle and an announcement of significant layoffs – Sculley relieved Steve Jobs of his duties as head of the Macintosh division.
Around the same time, Steve Jobs founded another computer company, NeXT Computer. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced. Among those who could afford it, the NeXT workstation garnered a strong following because of its technical strengths, chief among them its object-oriented software development system. He marketed NeXT products to the scientific and academic fields because of the innovative, experimental new technologies it incorporated. He ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by such things as the NeXTcube's magnesium case. This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.
In 1986, Steve Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million. The new company was initially intended to be a high-end graphics hardware developer. After years of unprofitability selling the Pixar Image Computer, it contracted with Disney to produce a number of computer-animated feature films, which Disney would co-finance and distribute. The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next ten plus years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company would produce the box-office hits A Bug's Life, Toy Story 2, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3. Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E and Up each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001. On January 24, 2006, Steve Jobs announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. Once the deal closed, Steve Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately 7% of the company's stock. He joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger.
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $429 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996, bringing Steve Jobs back to the company he co-founded. He soon became Apple's interim CEO after the directors lost confidence in and ousted then-CEO Gil Amelio in a boardroom coup. In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, He immediately terminated a number of projects such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. He also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines. With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under his guidance the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products.
In recent years, the company has branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. In 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, He reminds his employees that delivering working products on time is as important as innovation and attractive design.
As of October 2009, Steve Jobs owned 5.426 million shares of Apple, most of which was granted in 2003 when he was given 10 million shares. He also owned 138 million shares of Disney, which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar. Forbes estimated his net wealth at $5.1 billion in 2009, making him the 43rd wealthiest American.
Steve Jobs has always aspired to position Apple and its products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. His model for business is “The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts.” Great things in business are not done by one person, they are done by a team of people.
Steve Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology from President Ronald Reagan in 1985 with Steve Wozniak, and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category “Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under”. On November 27, 2007, he was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune Magazine. On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted him into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. In August 2009, he was selected the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers on a survey by Junior Achievement. On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune Magazine. In November 2009 Jobs was ranked #57 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.
William Henry “Bill” Gates III (born October 28, 1955) was born in Seattle, Washington. His father was a prominent lawyer, his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way, and her father, JW Maxwell, was a national bank president. At 13 he enrolled in the Lakeside School, an exclusive preparatory school. When he was in the 8th grade, the Mothers Club at the school used proceeds from Lakeside School's rummage sale to buy an ASR-33 teletype terminal and a block of computer time on a General Electric (GE) computer for the school's students. He took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine: tic-tac-toe that allowed users to play games against the computer. After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted, he and other students sought time on systems including DEC PDP minicomputers. One of these systems was a PDP-10 belonging to Computer Center Corporation (CCC), which banned 4 Lakeside students: Bill Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Kent Evans after it caught them exploiting bugs in the operating system to obtain free computer time. At the end of the ban, the 4 students offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for computer time. Rather than use the system via teletype, Bill Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code for various programs that ran on the system, including programs in FORTRAN, LISP and machine language. The arrangement with CCC continued until 1970, when the company went out of business. The following year, Information Sciences, Inc. hired the 4 Lakeside students to write a payroll program in COBOL, providing them computer time and royalties. After his administrators became aware of his programming abilities, Bill Gates wrote the school's computer program to schedule students in classes. He modified the code so that he was placed in classes with mostly female students. At age 17, he formed a venture with Allen, called Traf-O-Data, to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor. In early 1973, Bill Gates served as a congressional page in the US House of Representatives.
Bill Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973. He did not have a specific study plan while a student at Harvard and spent a lot of time using the school's computers. He remained in contact with Paul Allen, joining him at Honeywell during the summer of 1974. The following year saw the release of the MITS Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080 CPU, and Bill Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company. He had talked this decision over with his parents, who were supportive of him after seeing how much he wanted to start a company. After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800, Bill Gates contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), the creators of the new microcomputer, to inform them that he and others were working on a BASIC interpreter for the platform. In reality, they did not have an Altair and had not written code for it. They just wanted to gauge MITS's interest. MITS president Ed Roberts agreed to meet them for a demo, and over the course of a few weeks they developed an Altair emulator that ran on a minicomputer, and then the BASIC interpreter. The demonstration, held at MITS's offices in Albuquerque, was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as Altair BASIC. Paul Allen was hired into MITS, and Bill Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with Allen at MITS in Albuquerque in November 1975. On November 26, 1976, the trade name “Microsoft” was registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico.
During Microsoft's early years, all employees had broad responsibility for the company's business. Bill Gates oversaw the business details, but continued to write code as well. In the first 5 years, he personally reviewed every line of code the company shipped, and often rewrote parts of it as he saw fit. In 1980, IBM approached Microsoft to write the BASIC interpreter for its upcoming personal computer, the IBM PC. When IBM's representatives mentioned that they needed an operating system, Gates referred them to Digital Research (DRI). IBM's discussions with Digital Research went poorly, and they did not reach a licensing agreement. A few weeks later Bill Gates proposed using 86-DOS (QDOS), an operating system similar to CP/M that Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products (SCP) had made for hardware similar to the PC. Microsoft made a deal with SCP to become the exclusive licensing agent, and later the full owner, of 86-DOS. After adapting the operating system for the PC, Microsoft delivered it to IBM as PC-DOS in exchange for a one-time fee of $50,000. Bill Gates did not offer to transfer the copyright on the operating system, because he believed that other hardware vendors would clone IBM's system. They did, and the sales of MS-DOS made Microsoft a major player in the industry. Bill Gates oversaw Microsoft's company restructuring on June 25, 1981, which re-incorporated the company in Washington state and made him President of Microsoft and the Chairman of the Board.
Microsoft launched its first retail version of Microsoft Windows on November 20, 1985. From Microsoft's founding in 1975 until 2006, Bill Gates had primary responsibility for the company's product strategy. He aggressively broadened the company's range of products, and wherever Microsoft achieved a dominant position he vigorously defended it. Many decisions that led to antitrust litigation over Microsoft's business practices have had his approval. Despite his denials, the judge ruled that Microsoft had committed monopolization and tying, and blocking competition, both in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Since leaving Microsoft, Bill Gates continues his philanthropy and, among other projects, purchased the videos rights to the Messenger Lectures series titled The Character of Physical Law, given at Cornell University by Richard Feynman in 1964 and recorded by the BBC. The videos are available online to the public at Microsoft's Project Tuva. In April 2010, Gates was invited to visit and speak at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he asked the students to take on the hard problems of the world in their futures. Bill Gates was number one on the “Forbes 400″ list from 1993 through to 2007 and number one on Forbes list of “The World's Richest People” from 1995 to 2007 and 2009. In 1999, his wealth briefly surpassed $101 billion, causing the media to call him a “centibillionaire”. Since 2000, the nominal value of his Microsoft holdings has declined due to a fall in Microsoft's stock price after the dot-com bubble burst and the multi-billion dollar donations he has made to his charitable foundations. He has several investments outside Microsoft, which in 2006 paid him a salary of $616,667, and $350,000 bonus totalling $966,667. He founded Corbis, a digital imaging company, in 1989. In 2004 he became a director of Berkshire Hathaway, the investment company headed by long-time friend Warren Buffett. He studied the work of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller and in 1994 sold some of his Microsoft stock to create the William H. Gates Foundation. In 2000, he and his wife combined three family foundations into one to create the charitable Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which is the largest transparently operated charitable foundation in the world. The foundation is set up to allow benefactors access to how its money is being spent, unlike other major charitable organizations such as the Wellcome Trust. The generosity and extensive philanthropy of David Rockefeller has been credited as a major influence. He and his father have met with Rockefeller several times and have modeled their giving in part on the Rockefeller family's philanthropic focus, namely those global problems that are ignored by governments and other organizations. As of 2007, Bill and Melinda Gates were the second most generous philanthropists in America, having given over $28 billion to charity.
Time magazine named Bill Gates one of the 100 people who most influenced the 20th century, as well as one of the 100 most influential people of 2004, 2005, and 2006. Time also collectively named Gates, his wife Melinda and U2′s lead singer Bono as the 2005 Persons of the Year for their humanitarian efforts. In 2006, he was voted 8th in the list of “Heroes of our time”. In 1994, he was honoured as the 20th Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society. He received honorary doctorates from Nyenrode Business Universiteit, Breukelen, The Netherlands, in 2000; the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, in 2002; Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, in 2005; Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in April 2007; Harvard University in June 2007; the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, in January 2008, and Cambridge University in June 2009. He was also made an honorary trustee of Peking University in 2007. He was also made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005, in addition to having entomologists name the Bill Gates flower fly, Eristalis gatesi, in his honor. In November 2006, he and his wife were awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle for their philanthropic work around the world in the areas of health and education, particularly in Mexico. In October 2009, it was announced that Gates will be awarded the 2010 Bower Award for Business Leadership of The Franklin Institute for his achievements in business and for his philanthropic work. In 2010 he was honored with the Silver Buffalo Award by the Boy Scouts of America, its highest award for adults, for his service to youth.
Lawrence “Larry” Page (born March 26, 1973) was born in East Lansing, Michigan. Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (Russian: Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин; born August 21, 1973) was born in Moscow, Russia. Larry Page's father was a professor of computer science at Michigan State University and an early pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence. He eventually entered the University of Michigan, where he earned an undergraduate degree in engineering with a concentration in computer engineering. An innovative thinker with a sense of humor, he once built a working ink-jet printer out of Lego blocks. He was eager to advance in his career, and decided to study for a Ph.D degree. He was admitted to the doctoral program in computer science at Stanford University. On an introductory weekend at the Palo Alto campus that had been arranged for new students, he met Sergey Brin. A native of Moscow, Russia, Sergey Brin was also the son of a professor, and came to the United States with his family when he was 6. His father taught math at the University of Maryland, and it was from that school's College Park campus that Sergey Brin earned an undergraduate degree in computer science and math.
Larry Page and Sergey Brin created an algorithm, or set of step-by-step instructions for solving a specific computer task. Their algorithm searched all the hypertext documents in cyberspace. A typical search engine such as Hot Bot, which was popular at one time in the mid-1990′s, worked by looking for a term the user entered. If a certain phrase was written into a web site several dozen or even a hundred times, that document would come up first in the search results. But it might just turn out to be an Internet store that sold memorabilia.
They wanted to create a search tool that would find the most relevant Web page first. If someone typed in “New York Yankees,” for example, the official Yankees site would be the first result returned. Their algorithm analyzed the “back links” in a hypertext document, or how many times other sites linked to it — the more links, the higher the relevancy of the page. As an article in Time explained, their search technology was the first to “treat the Internet as a democracy. Google interprets connections between websites as votes. The most linked-to sites win on the Google usefulness ballot and rise to the top of the search results.” The search engine with their unique algorithm was initially named “Backrub,” but they later settled on “PageRank,” named after Larry Page. It soon caught on with other Stanford users when they let them try it out. The two set up a simple search page for users, because they did not have a web page developer to create anything very impressive. They also began stringing together the necessary computing power to handle searches by multiple users, by using any computer part they could find. As their search engine grew in popularity among Stanford users, it needed more and more servers to process the queries.
During this time they were running the project out of their dorm rooms at Stanford. Larry Page's room served as the data hub, while Sergey Brin's was the business office. They had the idea to license their PageRank technology to other companies to pay off their debts, but none were interested. David Filo (1966–), another Stanford graduate who had started Yahoo.com, suggested they form a search-engine company. They named their company “Google,” after the mathematical term Googol, which specified the number one followed by a hundred zeros. They took it to Andy Bechtolsheim (1956–), a Stanford graduate and co-founder of Sun Microsystems. He liked their idea and wrote them a check for $100,000. They went on to raise more money from friends, family, and then from venture capital firms that funded new businesses. By the end of 1999 they had set up headquarters in an office park in Mountain View, and had officially launched the site.
In their first years in business, Brin served as president, while Page was the chief executive officer. The company continued to grow exponentially during 2001. They hired Eric Schmidt as chief executive officer and board chair in 2001. Schmidt was a veteran of Sun Microsystems, where he had served as chief technology officer.
Google kept expanding. It added search capabilities in dozens of languages, and began partnering with overseas sites as well. Its headquarters were informally known as the “Googleplex,” and workers were relatively free to make their own hours, with the idea that employees should be able to work when they felt they were most productive. Google staff were also encouraged to use 80% of their work hours on regular work, and the other 20% on projects of their own design.
By early 2004 Google was one of the most-visited Web sites in the world. Its servers handled some 138,000 search queries per minute, or about 200,000,000 daily. Analysts believed it was taking in approximately $1 billion in revenues annually, and the company announced plans to become a publicly traded company with an initial public offering (IPO) of stock. Theirs, however, would utilize a unique online auction process to sell its first shares to the public. This meant that the large Wall Street firms that handled the IPO underwriting would not be able to give the first shares out to their top clients as a perk. It was estimated that Google was going to be valued at least at $15 billion, and possibly even as high as $30 billion. Larry Page and Sergey Brin each own 38 million shares of Google stock. They would become overnight millionaires when Google began trading on the NASDAQ in 2004.
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (May 14, 1984 – ) was born in White Plains, New York to Karen, a psychiatrist, and Edward, a dentist. He started programming when he was in middle school. His father taught him Atari BASIC Programming in the 1990′s, and then software developer David Newman was hired as his tutor in about 1995. He also took a graduate course in the subject at Mercy College near his home in the mid-1990′s. He developed computer programs, especially communication tools and games. He also designed and programmed a computer application system to help the workers in his father's office communicate. At Ardsley High School he had excelled in the classics before in his junior year transferring to Phillips Exeter Academy, where he won prizes in science and Classical studies (in which he was fluent in French, Hebrew, Latin and ancient Greek). While in high school, under the company name Intelligent Media Group, he built a music player named the Synapse Media Player that used artificial intelligence to learn the user's listening habits, which was posted to Slashdot and received a rating of 3 out of 5 from PC Magazine. Microsoft and AOL tried to purchase Synapse and recruit Mark Zuckerberg, but he instead went to Harvard College in September 2002 where he studied computer science and psychology and joined Alpha Epsilon Pi. At a fraternity party during his sophomore year, Zuckerberg met Priscilla Chan, who subsequently became his girlfriend. As of September 2010, he was studying Mandarin with a tutor in preparation for the couple's slated visit to China and possibly to help in setting up operations in China, since Facebook, like Twitter, is blocked by that country's internet firewall.
Mark Zuckerberg launched Facebook from his Harvard dormitory room on February 4, 2004. Facebook started off as just a “Harvard thing” until he decided to spread it to other schools, enlisting the help of roommate Dustin Moskovitz. They first started it at Stanford, Dartmouth, Columbia, New York University, Cornell, Brown and Yale, and then at other schools that had social contacts with Harvard. He moved to Palo Alto, California, with Moskovitz and some friends. They leased a small house that served as an office. Over the summer, he met Peter Thiel who invested in the company. They got their first office in mid-2004. They had turned down offers by major corporations to buy out Facebook. On July 21, 2010, Mark Zuckerberg reported that the company reached the 500 million-user mark.
A month after Facebook launched in February 2004, i2hub, another campus-only service, created by Wayne Chang, was launched. i2hub focused on peer-to-peer file sharing. At the time, both i2hub and Facebook were gaining the attention of the press and growing rapidly in users and publicity. In August 2004, Mark Zuckerberg, Andrew McCollum, Adam D'Angelo, and Sean Parker launched a competing peer-to-peer file sharing service called Wirehog. It was a precursor to Facebook Platform applications. Traction was low compared to i2hub, and Facebook ultimately shut Wirehog down the following summer. On May 24, 2007, Mark Zuckerberg announced Facebook Platform, a development platform for programmers to create social applications within Facebook. Within weeks, many applications had been built and some already had millions of users. It grew to more than 800,000 developers around the world building applications for Facebook Platform. On July 23, 2008, he announced Facebook Connect, a version of Facebook Platform for users. On November 6, 2007, he announced a new social advertising system called Beacon, which enabled people to share information with their Facebook friends based on their browsing activities on other sites. The program came under scrutiny because of privacy concerns from groups and individual users. Zuckerberg and Facebook failed to respond to the concerns quickly, and on December 5, 2007, Zuckerberg wrote a blog post on Facebook taking responsibility for the concerns about Beacon and offering an easier way for users to opt out of the service.
In June 2010, Deputy Attorney General Muhammad Azhar Sidiqque of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan launched a criminal investigation into Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook co-founders Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes after a “Draw Muhammad” contest was hosted on Facebook. The investigation also named the anonymous German woman who created the contest. Sidiqque asked the country's police to contact Interpol to have Mark Zuckerberg and the 3 others arrested for blasphemy. On May 19, 2010, Facebook's website was temporarily blocked in Pakistan until Facebook removed the contest from its website at the end of May. Sidiqque also asked its United Nations representative to raise the issue with the United Nations General Assembly. No formal charges have been filed against Mark Zuckerberg.
Vanity Fair magazine named Mark Zuckerberg number 1 on its 2010 list of the Top 100 “most influential people of the Information Age”. He ranked number 23 on the Vanity Fair 100 list in 2009. In 2010, he was chosen as number 16 in New Statesman's annual survey of the world's 50 most influential figures.
Thought I may add this “If most of us are ashamed of shabby clothes and shoddy furniture, let us be more ashamed of shabby ideas and shoddy philosophies… It would be a sad situation if the wrapper were better than the meat wrapped inside it.” – Albert Einstein
안녕. I found your blog using msn. This is a very smartly written article. I'll make sure to bookmark it and come back to learn extra of your useful info. Thank you for the post. I will definitely comeback.
Fantastic items from you, man. I have be aware your stuff previous to and you're simply too fantastic. I really like what you've received right here, really like what you're saying and the way wherein you are saying it. You are making it entertaining and you still take care of to stay it smart. I can not wait to read much more from you. This is actually a tremendous web site.
That is very attention-grabbing, You're a very professional blogger. I've joined your rss feed and look forward to in quest of more of your wonderful post. Also, I've shared your site in my social networks
I've learn a few good stuff here. Certainly price bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how much effort you put to make this sort of wonderful informative website.
안녕하세요. I found your blog the use of msn. That is a really neatly written article. I?ll be sure to bookmark it and come back to learn more of your useful info. 게시물 주셔서 감사합니다. I?ll definitely comeback.
It is in point of fact a nice and helpful piece of info. I'm satisfied that you shared this useful info with us. 우리가 이런식으로 계속 알려 주시기 바랍니다. 공유 주셔서 감사합니다.
That is very fascinating, You're an overly skilled blogger. I've joined your rss feed and look forward to seeking more of your wonderful post. Also, I've shared your web site in my social networks
Whats up very cool website!! 남자 .. Excellent .. Wonderful .. I'll bookmark your site and take the feeds additionally?I'm glad to find a lot of helpful info here in the publish, we'd like work out extra techniques in this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .
You could definitely see your enthusiasm in the work you write. The arena hopes for even more passionate writers such as you who are not afraid to say how they believe. Always go after your heart.
I've been exploring for a little bit for any high-quality articles or blog posts in this sort of house . Exploring in Yahoo I ultimately stumbled upon this site. Reading this info So i am glad to express that I've a very good uncanny feeling I came upon just what I needed. I such a lot unquestionably will make sure to do not put out of your mind this web site and give it a look on a continuing basis.
Thanks for any other fantastic article. The place else may just anybody get that kind of info in such a perfect manner of writing? I've a presentation subsequent week, and I am at the search for such info.
Thank you for another wonderful article. The place else may anyone get that type of info in such an ideal manner of writing? I've a presentation subsequent week, and I'm at the search for such info.
You really make it seem so easy with your presentation but I to find this topic to be actually one thing that I believe I'd never understand. It kind of feels too complex and extremely huge for me. I'm taking a look forward for your next publish, I will attempt to get the hang of it!
I am not certain where you are getting your information, however good topic. I must spend some time studying much more or understanding more. Thank you for excellent info I used to be looking for this info for my mission.
How To Start A NEW Information-Based Business says:
It?s really a great and useful piece of info. I am satisfied that you shared this helpful information with us. Please stay us up to date like this. 공유를 주셔서 감사합니다.
Its such as you learn my mind! You seem to grasp so much about this, like you wrote the e book in it or something. I think that you simply can do with some % to force the message house a little bit, but other than that, that is great blog. A great read. I will certainly be back.
Its like you read my mind! You seem to know a lot about this, like you wrote the book in it or something. I think that you can do with a few pics to drive the message home a bit, but other than that, this is magnificent blog. A fantastic read. I will definitely be back.
Great post. I was checking constantly this blog and I'm inspired! Very helpful info specifically the closing phase :) I care for such information a lot. I was looking for this certain information for a long time. Thank you and best of luck.
wonderful , very insightful. I like it very much. I come acoss your blog by MSN search engine. I shall visit your site frequently and share it to my pals. Please keep it fresh. Keep on the good work. – A ipad lover
Hello there, simply turned into aware of your blog thru Google, and found that it is really informative. 당신이 미래에 이것을 계속면 더 감사합니다. A lot of other folks will be benefited from your writing. 건배!
Can I simply say what a reduction to find someone who truly knows what theyre speaking about on the internet. You positively know how one can convey a difficulty to gentle and make it important. Extra people have to read this and understand this aspect of the story. I cant imagine youre not more popular since you positively have the gift.
I simply could not leave your web site before suggesting that I really enjoyed the standard information an individual provide for your guests? Is going to be back ceaselessly to investigate cross-check new posts
This page appears to get a good ammount of visitors. How do you advertise it? It offers a nice individual twist on things. I guess having something authentic or substantial to talk about is the most important thing. I would appreciate if you could visit my site and give me some tips.
Pretty great post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wished to mention that I've really loved browsing your weblog posts. In any case I?ll be subscribing on your feed and I'm hoping you write again soon!
안녕. 나는 MSN을 사용 웹로그를 발견. 이것은 매우 잘 작성된 기사입니다. I will be sure to bookmark it and return to learn extra of your useful information. Thank you for the post. 나는 복귀 확실히됩니다.
My family and I would like to thank you for this excellent insightful post. One can't picture how long it required me to discover your internet site and this handy info. You can count on me, as on your constant internet site visitant, and i at the same time bookmarked your internet site. Looking forward to find more info columns like this. Have a good day.
"역사는 우리가 어디를 보여하거나 가고 싶지 않아." 
"십대를 높이면 나무에 젤리를 입었고 것입니다." 
"아무것도 모르는 그는 그의 마음이 그가 허위와 오류로 가득 차보다 진실에 가까운 것입니다." 
벤자민 프랭클린 (1706년 1월 17일에서 1790년 4월 17일까지)는 매사 추세 츠주 보스턴에서 태어났습니다. 그는 비누 제조업 자의 열 번째 아들이었다. 그의 아버지는 성직자로 입력 벤자민 프랭클린위한 것입니다. 그러나 요시아 프랭클린은 그것을 감당할 수 없었다. 젊은 벤자민 프랭클린 읽는 사랑 했어요. 그는 프린터 그의 동생 제임스에 도제가되었다. 그는, 팜플렛을 작성하는 데 도움이 유형을 설정하고 거리에서 그들의 제품을 판매하는 것입니다. 
앤드류 카네기 (1835년 11월 25일부터 1919년 8월 11일까지)이 Dunfermline, 파이프, 스코틀랜드에서 태어났습니다. 그는 약간의 정규 교육을 가지고 있지만, 그의 가족은 도서와 학습의 중요성을 믿었다. 그의 아버지는 handloom 직조했습니다. 13 살이면, 앤드류 카네기는 그의 가족과 함께 미국에 와서 Allegheny, 펜실베니아에 정착. 얼마 후, 그는 $ 1.20 주당 수입, 공장에서 일하고 갔다. 내년 그는 전신 메신저와 같은 직업을 발견. 1851 년에 그는 전신 오퍼레이터되었고, 1853 년에, 그는 펜실베이니아 철도와 함께 일을했다. 그는 토머스 스콧, 철도의 최고 경영진 중 하나 조교 및 전신 오퍼레이터로 근무했습니다. 그 
존 피어 폰트 "JP"모건 (1837년 4월 17일에서 1913년 3월 31일까지)는 하트 포드, 코네티컷에서 태어나 자랐어요. 1848 년 가을에, 그는 하트 포드 공립 학교에 그리고 익살, 코네티컷에있는 감독의 아카데미로 전학 왔어. 1851년 9월에서 모건은 보스턴의 영어 고등학교, 상업의 경력을 위해 젊은이를 준비하는 수학 전문 학교의 입학 시험을 통과시켰습니다. 1852 년 봄, 그는 류마티스 열병에 병이되었다. 그는 복구하는 아조 레스는 그의 아버지를 보냈습니다. 거의 일년 후, 그는 자신의 연구를 재개하기 위해 보스턴에서 영어 고등학교에 돌아왔습니다. 졸업 후, 그는 브베, 스위스 근처 벨히브하도록 보냈습니다. 그는 유창되었을 때 
존 데이비슨 록펠러 (1839년 7월 8일에서 1937년 5월 23일까지)는 Richford, 뉴욕에서 태어났습니다. 그의 아버지는 농장 재산을 소유하고 목재 및 특허 의약품 등 많은 제품, 바꿨습니다. 그의 어머니는 매우 엄격했습니다. 1953 년 가족 클리블랜드, 오하이오로 이사. 그는 거기에 고등학교를 졸업하고 수학이 뛰어납니다. 졸업 후 그는 특산물 직원 등 16 살 나이에 첫 직장을 찾은 이후 세 달 동안 상업 대학에 참석. 1859 년, 그는 젊은 영국인과 함께 자신의 첫 무역 회사, 클락과 록펠러를 시작했다. 첫 해에 그들은 45만달러를 싫어할. 클락이 현장을 한 동안 존 D 록펠러 
토마스 알바 에디슨 (1847년 2월 11일부터 1931년 10월 18일까지)는 밀라노, 오하이오에서 중산층 부모에게 태어났다. 1854 년에, 그의 가족은 항구 Huron, 미시간으로 옮겼습니다. 어린 나이에, 토마스 에디슨은 학교에서 통제하는 활동적인 그리고 어려웠다. 그래서 그는 존경받는 장로교 목사의 딸이었다 그의 어머니에 의해 가정 교육이었다. 토마스 에디슨은 시를 읽고 낭송 즐겼다. 11시, 그의 부모는 지역 도서관에 그를 소개하고 그는 많은 주제와 아이디어를 연구하기 시작했다. 12 그는 그들이 대답할 수없는, 특히 그의 부모, 과학 및 수학에 관련된 사람들의 질문을하기 시작했다. 그래서 그들은 가정 교사를 고용 
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) grew up on a prosperous family farm in what is now Dearborn, Michigan. He had a typical rural 19th Century childhood spending days in a one-room school and doing farm chores. At an early age, he showed an interest in mechanics and engineering. At 16, he left home for Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist for the next 3 years. During the next few years, Henry Ford divided his time between operating & repairing steam engines, working in a Detroit factory, over-hauling his father's farm machinery and working reluctantly on the farm. Upon his marriage to Clara Bryant in 1888, Henry Ford supported his 
Pierre Samuel duPont (January 15, 1870 – April 4, 1954) was born in Wilmington, Delaware. He was the great-great-grandson of Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, a French economist elected to the Constituent Assembly. Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours' son, Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, who emigrated to America with his grandfather to escape the French Revolution, founded the DuPont company in 1802. Frustrated by the poor quality of black powder made in America, and familiar with the powder-making process, came up with the idea to make gunpowder. His father agreed to finance the venture. Thomas Jefferson supported the idea and suggested the family set up shop in Virginia, but Eleuthère Irénée du Pont was uncomfortable with the institution of slavery 
Alfred Pritchard Sloan, Jr. (May 23, 1875 – February 17, 1966) was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He studied electrical engineering and graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1895. He became president and owner of Hyatt Roller Bearing, a company that made roller and ball bearings, in 1899. At the beginning of the 20th century, Ford Motor Company bought bearings from Hyatt Roller Bearing. In 1916 his company merged with United Motors Company which eventually became part of General Motors Corporation. He became Vice-President, then President (1923), and finally Chairman of the Board (1937) of General Motors 
Walter Elias “Walt” Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was born in Chicago, Illinois. In 1906, when Walt Disney was 4, his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri. While in Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing. One of their neighbors, a retired doctor named “Doc” Sherwood, paid him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse. He also developed his love for trains in Marceline, which owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through town. The Disneys remained in Marceline 
Raymond Albert “Ray” Kroc (October 5, 1902 – January 14, 1984) was born in Oak Park, Illinois, the son of relatively poor parents. He went to public schools in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, but did not graduate. He was as an ambulance driver during World War I. After the war, he became a jazz pianist. Upon his marriage in 1922 he went to work for the Lily-Tulip Cup Company, but soon left to become musical director for one of Chicago's pioneer radio stations, WGES. There he played the piano, arranged the music, accompanied singers and hired musicians. Later following land speculation in Florida, he began to sell real estate in Fort Lauderdale. When the boom collapsed in 1926, he was so broke that he had to play piano in a night club to send his wife and daughter back to Chicago by train. He later followed them in his dilapidated Model-T Ford. 
Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was born near Houston, Texas. There is some argument as to the exact date and location of his birth. His parents were Allene Stone Gano (a descendant of Owen Tudor, second husband of Catherine of Valois, Dowager Queen of England) and Howard R. Hughes, Sr., who patented the two-cone roller bit, which allowed rotary drilling for petroleum in previously inaccessible places. Howard R. Hughes, Sr. made the decision to commercialize the invention, founding the Hughes Tool Company in 1909, in which be became quite successful. 
Samuel Moore “Sam” Walton (March 29, 1918 – April 5, 1992) was born in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. As a child, Sam Walton moved with his family to Missouri where he became an Eagle Scout at age 13, a student leader, basketball star and quarterback on a state championship football team at Hickman High School in Columbia, Missouri. He graduated from the University of Missouri at Columbia in 1940 with a BA in Economics. During World War 2, he served as a Captain in the US Army Intelligence Corps. While in the army, he married Helen Robson of Claremore, Oklahoma, on Valentine's Day, February 14, 1943. Over the years, they had 4 children: Rob, Jim, John and Alice. 
Mary Kay Ash (May 12, 1918 – November 22, 2001) was born Mary Kathlyn Wagner in Hot Wells, Texas. Her mother, who had studied to be a nurse, worked long hours managing a restaurant. When Mary Kay was two or three, her father was ill with tuberculosis. As a result, it was her responsibility to clean, cook, and care for her father while her mother was at work. She excelled in school, but her family could not afford to send her to college. She married at age seventeen and eventually had three children. 
George Walton Lucas, Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American film producer, screenwriter and director. He is best known for being the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones movie franchises. George Lucas was born in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy and George Lucas, Sr. (1913–1991), who owned a stationery store. 
Oprah Winfrey (born Orpah Gail Winfrey on January 29, 1954) was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi to unmarried teenage parents. Her mother, Vernita Lee was a housemaid. She believed that her biological father was Vernon Winfrey, a coal miner turned barber turned city councilman who had been in the Armed Forces when she was born. She had her DNA tested. The genetic test determined that her maternal line originated among the Kpelle ethnic group, in the area that today is Liberia. Her genetic make up was determined to be 89% Sub-Saharan African. After her birth, her mother moved and she spent her first 6 years living in rural poverty with her grandmother. Her grandmother taught her to read before the age of 3 and took her to the local church. At 6, she moved to an inner-city neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin with her mother. Oprah Winfrey has stated that she was molested by her cousin, her uncle and a family friend, starting when she was 9 years old. When she was 14, she became pregnant, her son dying shortly after birth. Her mother sent her to live with Vernon Winfrey in Nashville, Tennessee. Vernon was strict, but encouraging and made her education a priority. Oprah Winfrey became an honors student, was voted Most Popular Girl, joined her high school speech team at East Nashville High School, placing second in the nation in dramatic interpretation. She won an oratory contest, which secured her a full scholarship to Tennessee State University where she studied communication. Her first job as a teenager was working at a local grocery store. At age 17, she won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant. She got the attention of the local black radio station, WVOL, which hired her to do the news part-time. She worked there during her senior year of high school, and again while in her first two years of college. 
Steven Paul Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was born in San Francisco and was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs. His biological parents – Abdulfattah Jandali, a Syrian Muslim graduate student who later became a political science professor, and Joanne Simpson, an American graduate student who went on to become a speech therapist – later married, giving birth to and raising his biological sister, the novelist Mona Simpson. He attended Cupertino Junior High School and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California, and frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California. He was soon hired there and worked with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee. 
William Henry “Bill” Gates III (born October 28, 1955) was born in Seattle, Washington. His father was a prominent lawyer, his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way, and her father, JW Maxwell, was a national bank president. At 13 he enrolled in the Lakeside School, an exclusive preparatory school. When he was in the 8th grade, the Mothers Club at the school used proceeds from Lakeside School's rummage sale to buy an ASR-33 teletype terminal and a block of computer time on a General Electric (GE) computer for the school's students. He took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine: tic-tac-toe that allowed users to play games against the computer. After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted, he and other students sought time on systems including DEC PDP minicomputers. One of these systems was a PDP-10 belonging to Computer Center Corporation (CCC), which banned 4 Lakeside students: Bill Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Kent Evans after it caught them exploiting bugs in the operating system to obtain free computer time. At the end of the ban, the 4 students offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for computer time. Rather than use the system via teletype, Bill Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code for various programs that ran on the system, including programs in FORTRAN, LISP and machine language. The arrangement with CCC continued until 1970, when the company went out of business. The following year, Information Sciences, Inc. hired the 4 Lakeside students to write a payroll program in COBOL, providing them computer time and royalties. After his administrators became aware of his programming abilities, Bill Gates wrote the school's computer program to schedule students in classes. He modified the code so that he was placed in classes with mostly female students. At age 17, he formed a venture with Allen, called Traf-O-Data, to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor. In early 1973, Bill Gates served as a congressional page in the US House of Representatives. 
Lawrence “Larry” Page (born March 26, 1973) was born in East Lansing, Michigan. Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (Russian: Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин; born August 21, 1973) was born in Moscow, Russia. Larry Page's father was a professor of computer science at Michigan State University and an early pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence. He eventually entered the University of Michigan, where he earned an undergraduate degree in engineering with a concentration in computer engineering. An innovative thinker with a sense of humor, he once built a working ink-jet printer out of Lego blocks. He was eager to advance in his career, and decided to study for a Ph.D degree. He was admitted to the doctoral program in computer science at Stanford University. On an introductory weekend at the Palo Alto campus that had been arranged for new students, he met Sergey Brin. A native of Moscow, Russia, Sergey Brin was also the son of a professor, and came to the United States with his family when he was 6. His father taught math at the University of Maryland, and it was from that school's College Park campus that Sergey Brin earned an undergraduate degree in computer science and math. 
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (May 14, 1984 – ) was born in White Plains, New York to Karen, a psychiatrist, and Edward, a dentist. He started programming when he was in middle school. His father taught him Atari BASIC Programming in the 1990′s, and then software developer David Newman was hired as his tutor in about 1995. He also took a graduate course in the subject at Mercy College near his home in the mid-1990′s. He developed computer programs, especially communication tools and games. He also designed and programmed a computer application system to help the workers in his father's office communicate. At Ardsley High School he had excelled in the classics before in his junior year transferring to Phillips Exeter Academy, where he won prizes in science and Classical studies (in which he was fluent in French, Hebrew, Latin and ancient Greek). While in high school, under the company name Intelligent Media Group, he built a music player named the Synapse Media Player that used artificial intelligence to learn the user's listening habits, which was posted to Slashdot and received a rating of 3 out of 5 from PC Magazine. Microsoft and AOL tried to purchase Synapse and recruit Mark Zuckerberg, but he instead went to Harvard College in September 2002 where he studied computer science and psychology and joined Alpha Epsilon Pi. At a fraternity party during his sophomore year, Zuckerberg met Priscilla Chan, who subsequently became his girlfriend. As of September 2010, he was studying Mandarin with a tutor in preparation for the couple's slated visit to China and possibly to help in setting up operations in China, since Facebook, like Twitter, is blocked by that country's internet firewall. 
Posted in Become Successful , Free Boot Camp for Teenagers | 
Tags: success in america , united states of america 
Your style of writing is great. 감사합니다.
I learned a lot from your blog, thanks.
But wanna tell that this is extremely helpful, Thanks for taking your time to write this.
I like this blog very much, Its a real nice spot to read and receive information. “Never complain and never explain.” by Benjamin Disraeli.
Miguel de Cervantes: “Time ripens all things. No man is born wise.”
Julius Henry Marx: “The secret of life is honesty and fair dealing. If you can fake that, you've got it made.”
Thought I may add this “If most of us are ashamed of shabby clothes and shoddy furniture, let us be more ashamed of shabby ideas and shoddy philosophies… It would be a sad situation if the wrapper were better than the meat wrapped inside it.” – Albert Einstein
Great post!
It looks like you are well informed about this.
Fine webpage, I'm going to be back
안녕. I found your blog using msn. This is a very smartly written article. I'll make sure to bookmark it and come back to learn extra of your useful info. Thank you for the post. I will definitely comeback.
Real fantastic info can be found on web site.
Great post. Keep me updated with your progress!
Fantastic items from you, man. I have be aware your stuff previous to and you're simply too fantastic. I really like what you've received right here, really like what you're saying and the way wherein you are saying it. You are making it entertaining and you still take care of to stay it smart. I can not wait to read much more from you. This is actually a tremendous web site.
That is very attention-grabbing, You're a very professional blogger. I've joined your rss feed and look forward to in quest of more of your wonderful post. Also, I've shared your site in my social networks
I've learn a few good stuff here. Certainly price bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how much effort you put to make this sort of wonderful informative website.
안녕하세요. I found your blog the use of msn. That is a really neatly written article. I?ll be sure to bookmark it and come back to learn more of your useful info. 게시물 주셔서 감사합니다. I?ll definitely comeback.
Hi there, I log on to your blog on a regular basis. Your story-telling style is awesome, keep up the good work!|
I have learn several just right stuff here. 하는걸로 확실하게 가치 서표를. I wonder how so much effort you put to make any such excellent informative website.
It is in point of fact a nice and helpful piece of info. I'm satisfied that you shared this useful info with us. 우리가 이런식으로 계속 알려 주시기 바랍니다. 공유 주셔서 감사합니다.
That is very fascinating, You're an overly skilled blogger. I've joined your rss feed and look forward to seeking more of your wonderful post. Also, I've shared your web site in my social networks
Whats up very cool website!! 남자 .. Excellent .. Wonderful .. I'll bookmark your site and take the feeds additionally?I'm glad to find a lot of helpful info here in the publish, we'd like work out extra techniques in this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .
You could definitely see your enthusiasm in the work you write. The arena hopes for even more passionate writers such as you who are not afraid to say how they believe. Always go after your heart.
I've been exploring for a little bit for any high-quality articles or blog posts in this sort of house . Exploring in Yahoo I ultimately stumbled upon this site. Reading this info So i am glad to express that I've a very good uncanny feeling I came upon just what I needed. I such a lot unquestionably will make sure to do not put out of your mind this web site and give it a look on a continuing basis.
Thanks for any other fantastic article. The place else may just anybody get that kind of info in such a perfect manner of writing? I've a presentation subsequent week, and I am at the search for such info.
Thank you for another wonderful article. The place else may anyone get that type of info in such an ideal manner of writing? I've a presentation subsequent week, and I'm at the search for such info.
You really make it seem so easy with your presentation but I to find this topic to be actually one thing that I believe I'd never understand. It kind of feels too complex and extremely huge for me. I'm taking a look forward for your next publish, I will attempt to get the hang of it!
I am not certain where you are getting your information, however good topic. I must spend some time studying much more or understanding more. Thank you for excellent info I used to be looking for this info for my mission.
It's really a nice and helpful piece of info. I'm glad that you just shared this helpful information with us. 우리가 이런식으로 계속 알려 주시기 바랍니다. 공유 주셔서 감사합니다.
It?s really a great and useful piece of info. I am satisfied that you shared this helpful information with us. Please stay us up to date like this. 공유를 주셔서 감사합니다.
Its such as you learn my mind! You seem to grasp so much about this, like you wrote the e book in it or something. I think that you simply can do with some % to force the message house a little bit, but other than that, that is great blog. A great read. I will certainly be back.
Its like you read my mind! You seem to know a lot about this, like you wrote the book in it or something. I think that you can do with a few pics to drive the message home a bit, but other than that, this is magnificent blog. A fantastic read. I will definitely be back.
Who did you pay to do your blog? Its really nicely designed I bet that is why you get so much traffic!
Great post. I was checking constantly this blog and I'm inspired! Very helpful info specifically the closing phase :) I care for such information a lot. I was looking for this certain information for a long time. Thank you and best of luck.
Some truly prize articles on this web site , bookmarked .
I appreciate your piece of work, appreciate it for all the great articles .
What a lovely blog page. I'll surely be back again. Please hold writing!
wonderful , very insightful. I like it very much. I come acoss your blog by MSN search engine. I shall visit your site frequently and share it to my pals. Please keep it fresh. Keep on the good work. – A ipad lover
Hello there, simply turned into aware of your blog thru Google, and found that it is really informative. 당신이 미래에 이것을 계속면 더 감사합니다. A lot of other folks will be benefited from your writing. 건배!
Can I simply say what a reduction to find someone who truly knows what theyre speaking about on the internet. You positively know how one can convey a difficulty to gentle and make it important. Extra people have to read this and understand this aspect of the story. I cant imagine youre not more popular since you positively have the gift.
He has extensive knowledge of certain issues. Good work!
I love your site, I visit all the time and I got to say that you have great writing talent.
안녕! I just wanted to say you have a nice site :-). Me and my friends follow it for a while and we kinda like it.
I was really happy to find this site, just what I was searching for : D as well saved to bookmarks .
I simply could not leave your web site before suggesting that I really enjoyed the standard information an individual provide for your guests? Is going to be back ceaselessly to investigate cross-check new posts
This page appears to get a good ammount of visitors. How do you advertise it? It offers a nice individual twist on things. I guess having something authentic or substantial to talk about is the most important thing. I would appreciate if you could visit my site and give me some tips.
Pretty great post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wished to mention that I've really loved browsing your weblog posts. In any case I?ll be subscribing on your feed and I'm hoping you write again soon!
Amazing things here. I am very happy to look your post. Thanks a lot and i'm having a look ahead to touch you. Will you kindly drop me a e-mail?
안녕. 나는 MSN을 사용 웹로그를 발견. 이것은 매우 잘 작성된 기사입니다. I will be sure to bookmark it and return to learn extra of your useful information. Thank you for the post. 나는 복귀 확실히됩니다.
My family and I would like to thank you for this excellent insightful post. One can't picture how long it required me to discover your internet site and this handy info. You can count on me, as on your constant internet site visitant, and i at the same time bookmarked your internet site. Looking forward to find more info columns like this. Have a good day.